Scene Architecture

Golden Rule: Programmatic > .tscn

For AI-generated games, build scenes in code (via _ready()), not as .tscn text.

Why:

•.tscn text format is fragile (wrong load_steps, quote issues, parent paths)
•GDScript is a real language — Claude generates it reliably
•Easier to iterate and debug
•No import/reload timing issues

Pattern: Minimal .tscn + Builder Script

Scene file (5 lines):

code

[gd_scene load_steps=2 format=3]
[ext_resource type="Script" path="res://scripts/main.gd" id="1"]
[node name="Main" type="Node2D"]
script = ExtResource("1")

Script (builds everything):

gdscript

extends Node2D

func _ready():
    _build_player()
    _build_enemies()
    _build_ui()
    _build_spawner()

Building Nodes Programmatically

CharacterBody2D (Player/Enemy)

gdscript

func _build_player() -> CharacterBody2D:
    var player = CharacterBody2D.new()
    player.name = "Player"
    player.position = Vector2(512, 300)
    player.collision_layer = 1   # Layer 1 = player
    player.collision_mask = 4 | 6  # Detect enemies + walls
    player.add_to_group("player")

    # Collision shape
    var shape = CollisionShape2D.new()
    var rect = RectangleShape2D.new()
    rect.size = Vector2(32, 32)
    shape.shape = rect
    player.add_child(shape)

    # Visual (ColorRect for prototyping)
    var visual = ColorRect.new()
    visual.name = "Visual"
    visual.size = Vector2(32, 32)
    visual.position = Vector2(-16, -16)
    visual.color = Color(0.2, 0.6, 1.0)
    player.add_child(visual)

    # Attach script
    player.set_script(load("res://scripts/player.gd"))

    add_child(player)
    return player

Area2D (Bullet/Pickup/Trigger)

gdscript

func _build_bullet(pos: Vector2, dir: Vector2) -> Area2D:
    var bullet = Area2D.new()
    bullet.position = pos
    bullet.collision_layer = 2    # Layer 2 = player bullets
    bullet.collision_mask = 4     # Detect enemies

    var shape = CollisionShape2D.new()
    var circle = CircleShape2D.new()
    circle.radius = 5.0
    shape.shape = circle
    bullet.add_child(shape)

    var visual = ColorRect.new()
    visual.size = Vector2(8, 8)
    visual.position = Vector2(-4, -4)
    visual.color = Color.YELLOW
    bullet.add_child(visual)

    bullet.set_script(load("res://scripts/bullet.gd"))
    bullet.set("direction", dir)  # Set exported var
    return bullet

UI (CanvasLayer + Controls)

gdscript

func _build_ui():
    var canvas = CanvasLayer.new()
    canvas.name = "UI"

    # Score label
    var score = Label.new()
    score.name = "ScoreLabel"
    score.text = "Score: 0"
    score.position = Vector2(20, 20)
    score.add_theme_font_size_override("font_size", 24)
    canvas.add_child(score)

    # Health bar
    var hp_bar = ProgressBar.new()
    hp_bar.name = "HealthBar"
    hp_bar.position = Vector2(20, 50)
    hp_bar.size = Vector2(200, 20)
    hp_bar.max_value = 100
    hp_bar.value = 100
    canvas.add_child(hp_bar)

    add_child(canvas)

Timer

gdscript

func _build_spawner():
    var timer = Timer.new()
    timer.name = "SpawnTimer"
    timer.wait_time = 2.0
    timer.autostart = true
    timer.timeout.connect(_on_spawn_timer)
    add_child(timer)

Camera2D

gdscript

func _build_camera(target: Node2D):
    var cam = Camera2D.new()
    cam.name = "Camera"
    cam.position_smoothing_enabled = true
    cam.position_smoothing_speed = 5.0
    cam.zoom = Vector2(1.5, 1.5)
    target.add_child(cam)  # Attach to player for follow

When to Use .tscn Files

Only use .tscn text for:

•Reusable prefabs (enemy.tscn, bullet.tscn) that are instantiated many times
•Simple static layouts with <5 nodes
•Root scenes that just attach a script

.tscn Template for Prefab

code

[gd_scene load_steps=3 format=3]
[ext_resource type="Script" path="res://scripts/enemy.gd" id="1"]
[sub_resource type="RectangleShape2D" id="SubResource_1"]
size = Vector2(24, 24)
[node name="Enemy" type="CharacterBody2D"]
collision_layer = 4
collision_mask = 1
script = ExtResource("1")
[node name="Collision" type="CollisionShape2D" parent="."]
shape = SubResource("SubResource_1")
[node name="Visual" type="ColorRect" parent="."]
offset_left = -12.0
offset_top = -12.0
offset_right = 12.0
offset_bottom = 12.0
color = Color(0.9, 0.15, 0.15, 1.0)

.tscn Rules

•load_steps = ext_resources + sub_resources + 1
•Root node: no parent attribute
•Direct children: parent="."
•Deeper: parent="Child/Grandchild"
•format=3 for Godot 4
•Strings in double quotes
•Colors: Color(r, g, b, a) with floats 0.0-1.0
•Vectors: Vector2(x, y)

Node Hierarchy Patterns

Top-Down Game

code

Main (Node2D)
├── Background (ColorRect or TileMapLayer)
├── Player (CharacterBody2D)
├── EnemyContainer (Node2D)
├── BulletContainer (Node2D)
├── SpawnTimer (Timer)
├── Camera2D
└── UI (CanvasLayer)
    ├── ScoreLabel (Label)
    └── HealthBar (ProgressBar)

Platformer

code

Main (Node2D)
├── TileMapLayer (level geometry)
├── Player (CharacterBody2D + Camera2D child)
├── Enemies (Node2D)
├── Collectibles (Node2D)
└── UI (CanvasLayer)

Menu Screen

code

Menu (Control)
├── PanelContainer
│   └── VBoxContainer
│       ├── Title (Label)
│       ├── PlayBtn (Button)
│       ├── SettingsBtn (Button)
│       └── QuitBtn (Button)
└── AnimationPlayer (for transitions)