Cryptography & Identity

This skill provides knowledge about Reticulum's cryptographic primitives, identity structure, encryption tokens, and key derivation. Invoke when the user mentions cryptographic primitives, Ed25519, X25519, identity, HKDF, token format, encryption, signatures, or key derivation.

Authoritative Cryptographic Primitives

The primitives listed here are authoritative. Anything claiming to be Reticulum, but not using these exact primitives is not Reticulum, and possibly an intentionally compromised or weakened clone.

Reticulum uses a simple suite of efficient, strong and well-tested cryptographic primitives, with widely available implementations that can be used both on general-purpose CPUs and on microcontrollers.

One of the primary considerations for choosing this particular set of primitives is that they can be implemented safely with relatively few pitfalls, on practically all current computing platforms.

Core Primitives

Signatures:

•Ed25519 for all digital signatures
•64-byte signatures
•Used for announce validation, link proofs, packet proofs

ECDH Key Exchanges:

•X25519 on Curve25519 for all ECDH operations
•32-byte public keys, 32-byte private keys
•Used for encryption, link establishment, ratchets

Key Derivation:

•HKDF (HMAC-based Key Derivation Function) per RFC 5869
•Uses SHA-256 as hash function
•Derives encryption and MAC keys from shared secrets

Encryption:

•AES-256 in CBC mode with PKCS7 padding
•32-byte keys
•16-byte initialization vectors (IVs)
•IVs must be generated through os.urandom() or better

Message Authentication:

•HMAC using SHA-256
•32-byte keys
•32-byte tags

Hashing:

•SHA-256 for general-purpose hashing
•SHA-512 for specific applications
•Truncated hashes (128-bit) for addressing

Token Format (Fernet-based)

Encrypted tokens are based on the Fernet spec with modifications:

•Ephemeral keys derived from an ECDH key exchange on Curve25519
•AES-256 in CBC mode with PKCS7 padding
•HMAC using SHA256 for message authentication
•IVs must be generated through os.urandom() or better
•No Fernet version and timestamp metadata fields (removed for efficiency and privacy)

Token Structure:

code

[IV 16B][CIPHERTEXT variable][HMAC 32B]
Total overhead: 48 bytes (TOKEN_OVERHEAD)

Full Encryption Token (as sent in packets):

code

[EPHEMERAL_PUBLIC_KEY 32B][IV 16B][CIPHERTEXT variable][HMAC 32B]
Total overhead: 80 bytes (32B ephemeral + 48B token)

Implementation Sources

In the default installation configuration, the X25519, Ed25519 and AES-256-CBC primitives are provided by OpenSSL (via the PyCA/cryptography package). The hashing functions SHA-256 and SHA-512 are provided by the standard Python hashlib. The HKDF, HMAC, Token primitives, and the PKCS7 padding function are always provided by the following internal implementations:

•RNS/Cryptography/HKDF.py
•RNS/Cryptography/HMAC.py
•RNS/Cryptography/Token.py
•RNS/Cryptography/PKCS7.py

Identity Structure

Reticulum identities are the foundation of all encrypted communication. An identity is a 512-bit keypair consisting of two 256-bit keys.

Identity Components

Private Keys (64 bytes total):

•Encryption private key (X25519): 32 bytes
•Signing private key (Ed25519): 32 bytes

Public Keys (64 bytes total):

•Encryption public key (X25519): 32 bytes
•Signing public key (Ed25519): 32 bytes

Identity Hash (16 bytes):

•Truncated SHA-256 hash of public key bytes
•Used in destination hash calculation
•Format: SHA256(pub_bytes)[:16]

Key Generation

python

# Encryption keypair (X25519)
prv = X25519PrivateKey.generate()
prv_bytes = prv.private_bytes()  # 32 bytes

pub = prv.public_key()
pub_bytes = pub.public_bytes()   # 32 bytes

# Signing keypair (Ed25519)
sig_prv = Ed25519PrivateKey.generate()
sig_prv_bytes = sig_prv.private_bytes()  # 32 bytes

sig_pub = sig_prv.public_key()
sig_pub_bytes = sig_pub.public_bytes()   # 32 bytes

# Combined keys
private_key = prv_bytes + sig_prv_bytes   # 64 bytes
public_key = pub_bytes + sig_pub_bytes    # 64 bytes

# Identity hash
identity_hash = SHA256(public_key)[:16]   # 16 bytes

Identity Properties

KEYSIZE: 512 bits (64 bytes)

•Complete key is concatenation of 256-bit encryption key and 256-bit signing key

HASHLENGTH: 256 bits

•Full SHA-256 hash length

TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH: 128 bits (16 bytes)

•Used for destination hashes and identity hashes

SIGLENGTH: 512 bits (64 bytes)

•Ed25519 signature length

Encryption Process

Reticulum uses ECDH combined with HKDF and AES-256-CBC for encryption.

Encryption Steps

•

Generate ephemeral keypair:

python

ephemeral_key = X25519PrivateKey.generate()
ephemeral_pub = ephemeral_key.public_key()
ephemeral_pub_bytes = ephemeral_pub.public_bytes()  # 32 bytes

•

Perform ECDH key exchange:

python

# Use recipient's public key (or ratchet if available)
target_public_key = recipient.pub  # X25519PublicKey
shared_key = ephemeral_key.exchange(target_public_key)  # 32 bytes

•

Derive encryption keys with HKDF:

python

derived_key = HKDF(
    length=64,              # 64 bytes (512 bits)
    derive_from=shared_key, # ECDH shared secret
    salt=recipient.hash,    # Identity hash as salt
    context=None            # Optional context
)

signing_key = derived_key[:32]      # HMAC key
encryption_key = derived_key[32:]   # AES key

•

Create Token and encrypt:

python

token = Token(derived_key)  # Creates token with both keys

# Generate random IV
iv = os.urandom(16)

# Pad plaintext with PKCS7
padded_plaintext = PKCS7.pad(plaintext)

# Encrypt with AES-256-CBC
ciphertext = AES_256_CBC.encrypt(
    plaintext=padded_plaintext,
    key=encryption_key,
    iv=iv
)

# Calculate HMAC over IV + ciphertext
signed_parts = iv + ciphertext
hmac_tag = HMAC.new(signing_key, signed_parts).digest()  # 32 bytes

# Assemble token
token_bytes = iv + ciphertext + hmac_tag

•

Prepend ephemeral public key:

python

final_token = ephemeral_pub_bytes + token_bytes
# [32B ephemeral pub][16B IV][variable ciphertext][32B HMAC]

Decryption Steps

•

Extract ephemeral public key:

python

peer_pub_bytes = ciphertext_token[:32]
peer_pub = X25519PublicKey.from_public_bytes(peer_pub_bytes)
token_data = ciphertext_token[32:]

•

Perform ECDH with private key:

python

# Try with ratchets first (if available)
# Otherwise use identity private key
shared_key = recipient.prv.exchange(peer_pub)  # 32 bytes

•

Derive keys with HKDF (same as encryption):

python

derived_key = HKDF(
    length=64,
    derive_from=shared_key,
    salt=recipient.hash,
    context=None
)

•

Verify HMAC and decrypt:

python

token = Token(derived_key)

# Extract components
iv = token_data[:16]
ciphertext = token_data[16:-32]
received_hmac = token_data[-32:]

# Verify HMAC
expected_hmac = HMAC.new(signing_key, iv + ciphertext).digest()
if received_hmac != expected_hmac:
    raise ValueError("Token HMAC was invalid")

# Decrypt
padded_plaintext = AES_256_CBC.decrypt(
    ciphertext=ciphertext,
    key=encryption_key,
    iv=iv
)

# Unpad
plaintext = PKCS7.unpad(padded_plaintext)

HKDF Key Derivation

HKDF (HMAC-based Key Derivation Function) is used to derive strong encryption keys from ECDH shared secrets.

HKDF Parameters

Function signature:

python

def hkdf(length=None, derive_from=None, salt=None, context=None)

Parameters:

•length: Output key length in bytes (typically 64 for AES-256)
•derive_from: Input key material (ECDH shared secret)
•salt: Salt value (typically identity hash, 16 bytes)
•context: Optional context information (typically None or empty bytes)

HKDF Process (RFC 5869)

•

Extract phase (create pseudorandom key):

python

pseudorandom_key = HMAC_SHA256(salt, derive_from)

•

Expand phase (generate output key material):

python

block = b""
derived = b""

for i in range(ceil(length / 32)):  # 32 = SHA-256 output length
    block = HMAC_SHA256(pseudorandom_key, block + context + bytes([i + 1]))
    derived += block

return derived[:length]

HKDF Usage in Reticulum

For Identity encryption:

•length=64 (512 bits)
•derive_from=shared_key (from ECDH)
•salt=identity_hash (16 bytes)
•context=None

For Link encryption:

•length=64 (512 bits)
•derive_from=shared_key (from ECDH)
•salt=None (defaults to 32 zero bytes)
•context=None

Key splitting:

python

derived_key = HKDF(length=64, ...)
signing_key = derived_key[:32]      # First 32 bytes for HMAC
encryption_key = derived_key[32:]   # Last 32 bytes for AES-256

Why HKDF?

•Cryptographically strong: Extracts maximum entropy from input
•Standard: RFC 5869, well-analyzed
•Flexible: Can derive multiple independent keys
•Salt support: Binds derived keys to specific context (identity)
•Domain separation: Context parameter prevents key reuse across protocols

Ratchets (Forward Secrecy)

Ratchets provide forward secrecy for SINGLE destinations by periodically rotating encryption keys.

Ratchet Constants

RATCHET_INTERVAL: 1800 seconds (30 minutes)

•Time between automatic ratchet rotations
•Configurable per destination

RATCHET_COUNT: 512

•Number of historical ratchet keys to retain
•Used for decrypting late-arriving packets

RATCHET_EXPIRY: 2592000 seconds (30 days)

•How long to remember received ratchets
•After expiry, ratchet is discarded

RATCHETSIZE: 256 bits (32 bytes)

•X25519 private key size

Ratchet Structure

A ratchet is simply an X25519 private key:

python

ratchet_prv = X25519PrivateKey.generate()
ratchet_prv_bytes = ratchet_prv.private_bytes()  # 32 bytes
ratchet_pub = ratchet_prv.public_key()
ratchet_pub_bytes = ratchet_pub.public_bytes()   # 32 bytes

Ratchet ID (10 bytes):

python

ratchet_id = SHA256(ratchet_pub_bytes)[:10]

Ratchet Lifecycle

•Generation: Destination generates new ratchet every RATCHET_INTERVAL
•Announcement: Ratchet public key included in announce packet
•Retention: Destination keeps RATCHET_COUNT most recent ratchets
•Reception: Remote nodes remember ratchet for RATCHET_EXPIRY duration
•Decryption: Try current ratchet first, then fall back to identity key

Encryption with Ratchet

When encrypting to a destination with a known ratchet:

python

# Use ratchet instead of identity public key
ratchet_pub = X25519PublicKey.from_public_bytes(ratchet_bytes)
shared_key = ephemeral_key.exchange(ratchet_pub)

# Rest of encryption is identical
derived_key = HKDF(
    length=64,
    derive_from=shared_key,
    salt=identity_hash,  # Still use identity hash as salt
    context=None
)

Decryption with Ratchets

Destination tries ratchets before falling back to identity key:

python

# Extract ephemeral public key from token
peer_pub = X25519PublicKey.from_public_bytes(token[:32])

# Try each retained ratchet
for ratchet_prv_bytes in retained_ratchets:
    ratchet_prv = X25519PrivateKey.from_private_bytes(ratchet_prv_bytes)
    shared_key = ratchet_prv.exchange(peer_pub)

    try:
        plaintext = decrypt_with_key(shared_key, token[32:])
        return plaintext  # Success
    except:
        continue  # Try next ratchet

# If all ratchets fail, try identity private key
shared_key = identity_prv.exchange(peer_pub)
plaintext = decrypt_with_key(shared_key, token[32:])

Ratchet Benefits

Forward secrecy: Compromise of identity key doesn't reveal past messages encrypted with expired ratchets

Backward secrecy: Old ratchets eventually discarded, limiting exposure window

Transparent: Applications don't need to know about ratchets, handled by Identity layer

Optional: Destinations can choose whether to enable ratchets

Ratchet Announce Format

When ratchet is enabled, announce packet includes:

code

[PUBLIC_KEY 64B][NAME_HASH 10B][RANDOM_HASH 10B][RATCHET_PUB 32B][SIGNATURE 64B][APP_DATA variable]

The signature covers: destination_hash + public_key + name_hash + random_hash + ratchet_pub + app_data

Signatures

Ed25519 signatures authenticate data and prove identity ownership.

Signing Process

python

# Sign with identity's signing private key
signature = identity.sig_prv.sign(message)  # 64 bytes

Signature length: Always 64 bytes

Deterministic: Same message + key always produces same signature

Fast: Optimized for embedded systems

Verification Process

python

# Verify with identity's signing public key
try:
    identity.sig_pub.verify(signature, message)
    return True  # Valid signature
except:
    return False  # Invalid signature

Signature Uses in Reticulum

Announces: Prove ownership of destination

•Signed data: destination_hash + public_key + name_hash + random_hash + ratchet + app_data

Link proofs: Prove destination accepted link

•Signed data: link_id + destination_ephemeral_pub

Packet proofs: Prove packet receipt

•Signed data: packet_hash

Custom application data: Any data requiring authentication

Token Overhead Analysis

Understanding encryption overhead is critical for packet sizing.

Minimum encryption overhead (identity encryption):

code

Ephemeral public key: 32 bytes
IV:                   16 bytes
HMAC:                 32 bytes
PKCS7 padding:        1-16 bytes (average 8.5)
----------------------------------
Total:                80-96 bytes (average 88.5)

Constants:

•TOKEN_OVERHEAD: 48 bytes (IV + HMAC, not including ephemeral key)
•AES128_BLOCKSIZE: 16 bytes

Padding calculation:

python

# PKCS7 always adds padding (1-16 bytes)
padding_length = 16 - (len(plaintext) % 16)
if padding_length == 0:
    padding_length = 16
padded_length = len(plaintext) + padding_length

Ciphertext size:

python

ciphertext_size = len(plaintext) + padding_length
token_size = 32 + 16 + ciphertext_size + 32
# token_size = 80 + ciphertext_size

Security Considerations

Key Storage

Private keys: Must be stored securely

•Never transmitted over network
•Encrypted at rest recommended
•File permissions: 0600 (owner read/write only)

Public keys: Can be freely distributed

•Included in announce packets
•Stored in destination registry
•Used for encryption and signature verification

Randomness Requirements

Critical: All IVs and ephemeral keys must use cryptographically secure randomness

Source: os.urandom() or equivalent

•Never use random.random() or predictable sources
•Never reuse IVs with same key

Implementation Notes

OpenSSL backend: Strongly recommended for production

•Battle-tested implementations
•Hardware acceleration support
•Regular security updates

Pure Python backend: Only for systems without OpenSSL

•Significantly slower
•Less scrutiny and review
•Acceptable for low-throughput embedded systems

Constant-Time Operations

HMAC verification: Must use constant-time comparison

•Prevents timing attacks
•Compare all bytes even if early mismatch

Key derivation: HKDF inherently constant-time

•No branching based on key material

Cryptography Identity

Cryptography & Identity

Authoritative Cryptographic Primitives

Core Primitives

Token Format (Fernet-based)

Implementation Sources

Identity Structure

Identity Components

Key Generation

Identity Properties

Encryption Process

Encryption Steps

Decryption Steps

HKDF Key Derivation

HKDF Parameters

HKDF Process (RFC 5869)

HKDF Usage in Reticulum

Why HKDF?

Ratchets (Forward Secrecy)

Ratchet Constants

Ratchet Structure

Ratchet Lifecycle

Encryption with Ratchet

Decryption with Ratchets

Ratchet Benefits

Ratchet Announce Format

Signatures

Signing Process

Verification Process

Signature Uses in Reticulum

Token Overhead Analysis

Security Considerations

Key Storage

Randomness Requirements

Implementation Notes

Constant-Time Operations

Further Reading