// Rust - argon2
use argon2::{
    password_hash::{rand_core::OsRng, PasswordHash, PasswordHasher, PasswordVerifier, SaltString},
    Argon2,
};

pub fn hash_password(password: &str) -> Result<String, argon2::password_hash::Error> {
    let salt = SaltString::generate(&mut OsRng);
    let argon2 = Argon2::default();
    Ok(argon2.hash_password(password.as_bytes(), &salt)?.to_string())
}

pub fn verify_password(password: &str, hash: &str) -> Result<bool, argon2::password_hash::Error> {
    let parsed_hash = PasswordHash::new(hash)?;
    Ok(Argon2::default().verify_password(password.as_bytes(), &parsed_hash).is_ok())
}

// Go - golang.org/x/crypto/argon2
import (
    "crypto/rand"
    "crypto/subtle"
    "encoding/base64"
    "errors"
    "fmt"
    "strings"
    
    "golang.org/x/crypto/argon2"
)

type params struct {
    memory      uint32
    iterations  uint32
    parallelism uint8
    saltLength  uint32
    keyLength   uint32
}

var defaultParams = &params{
    memory:      64 * 1024,
    iterations:  3,
    parallelism: 2,
    saltLength:  16,
    keyLength:   32,
}

func HashPassword(password string) (string, error) {
    salt := make([]byte, defaultParams.saltLength)
    if _, err := rand.Read(salt); err != nil {
        return "", err
    }
    
    hash := argon2.IDKey([]byte(password), salt, 
        defaultParams.iterations, defaultParams.memory, 
        defaultParams.parallelism, defaultParams.keyLength)
    
    return fmt.Sprintf("$argon2id$v=%d$m=%d,t=%d,p=%d$%s$%s",
        argon2.Version, defaultParams.memory, defaultParams.iterations,
        defaultParams.parallelism, base64.RawStdEncoding.EncodeToString(salt),
        base64.RawStdEncoding.EncodeToString(hash)), nil
}

# Python - passlib with argon2
from passlib.context import CryptContext

pwd_context = CryptContext(
    schemes=["argon2"],
    deprecated="auto",
    argon2__memory_cost=65536,  # 64 MB
    argon2__time_cost=3,
    argon2__parallelism=2,
)

def hash_password(password: str) -> str:
    return pwd_context.hash(password)

def verify_password(password: str, hashed: str) -> bool:
    return pwd_context.verify(password, hashed)

// Node.js - argon2
import argon2 from 'argon2';

async function hashPassword(password: string): Promise<string> {
  return argon2.hash(password, {
    type: argon2.argon2id,
    memoryCost: 65536, // 64 MB
    timeCost: 3,
    parallelism: 2,
  });
}

async function verifyPassword(password: string, hash: string): Promise<boolean> {
  return argon2.verify(hash, password);
}

// Rust/Axum - tower rate limiting
use std::time::Duration;
use tower::ServiceBuilder;
use tower_http::limit::RateLimitLayer;

let app = Router::new()
    .route("/api/*path", get(handler))
    .layer(
        ServiceBuilder::new()
            .layer(RateLimitLayer::new(100, Duration::from_secs(60)))
    );

// With per-IP limiting using governor
use governor::{Quota, RateLimiter};
use nonzero_ext::nonzero;

let limiter = RateLimiter::keyed(Quota::per_minute(nonzero!(100u32)));

async fn rate_limited(
    State(limiter): State<Arc<KeyedRateLimiter<IpAddr>>>,
    ConnectInfo(addr): ConnectInfo<SocketAddr>,
) -> Result<(), StatusCode> {
    limiter.check_key(&addr.ip()).map_err(|_| StatusCode::TOO_MANY_REQUESTS)?;
    Ok(())
}

// Go/Fiber - rate limiting middleware
import (
    "github.com/gofiber/fiber/v2"
    "github.com/gofiber/fiber/v2/middleware/limiter"
    "time"
)

app.Use(limiter.New(limiter.Config{
    Max:        100,
    Expiration: 1 * time.Minute,
    KeyGenerator: func(c *fiber.Ctx) string {
        return c.IP()
    },
    LimitReached: func(c *fiber.Ctx) error {
        return c.Status(429).JSON(fiber.Map{
            "error": "Too many requests",
        })
    },
}))

// Rust - jsonwebtoken
use jsonwebtoken::{decode, encode, Algorithm, DecodingKey, EncodingKey, Header, Validation};
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};

#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct Claims {
    pub sub: String,        // Subject (user ID)
    pub exp: usize,         // Expiration time
    pub iat: usize,         // Issued at
    pub role: String,       // User role
}

pub fn create_token(user_id: &str, role: &str, secret: &[u8]) -> Result<String, jsonwebtoken::errors::Error> {
    let now = chrono::Utc::now().timestamp() as usize;
    let claims = Claims {
        sub: user_id.to_string(),
        exp: now + 3600, // 1 hour
        iat: now,
        role: role.to_string(),
    };
    
    encode(&Header::default(), &claims, &EncodingKey::from_secret(secret))
}

pub fn validate_token(token: &str, secret: &[u8]) -> Result<Claims, jsonwebtoken::errors::Error> {
    let validation = Validation::new(Algorithm::HS256);
    let token_data = decode::<Claims>(token, &DecodingKey::from_secret(secret), &validation)?;
    Ok(token_data.claims)
}