import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Set publication defaults
plt.rcParams.update({
    'font.size': 8,
    'font.family': 'Arial',
    'axes.linewidth': 0.5,
    'lines.linewidth': 1,
    'figure.dpi': 300
})

fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(3.5, 3))  # Single column width
# ... create plot ...

# Save in multiple formats
fig.savefig('figure1.pdf', bbox_inches='tight', dpi=300)
fig.savefig('figure1.png', bbox_inches='tight', dpi=300)
fig.savefig('figure1.svg', bbox_inches='tight')

library(ggplot2)

p <- ggplot(data, aes(x, y)) + geom_point() +
  theme_classic(base_size = 8) +
  theme(text = element_text(family = 'Arial'))

# PDF for vector graphics
ggsave('figure1.pdf', p, width = 3.5, height = 3, units = 'in')

# High-res PNG
ggsave('figure1.png', p, width = 3.5, height = 3, units = 'in', dpi = 300)

# TIFF (some journals require)
ggsave('figure1.tiff', p, width = 3.5, height = 3, units = 'in',
       dpi = 300, compression = 'lzw')

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.gridspec import GridSpec

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(7, 5))  # Two-column width
gs = GridSpec(2, 3, figure=fig)

ax1 = fig.add_subplot(gs[0, 0])
ax2 = fig.add_subplot(gs[0, 1:])
ax3 = fig.add_subplot(gs[1, :])

# Add panel labels
for ax, label in zip([ax1, ax2, ax3], ['A', 'B', 'C']):
    ax.text(-0.1, 1.1, label, transform=ax.transAxes,
            fontsize=10, fontweight='bold')

fig.savefig('figure_multipanel.pdf', bbox_inches='tight')