Vault Operations Skill

Comprehensive HashiCorp Vault administration for enterprise secret management with dynamic credentials, automated rotation, and multi-cloud integration.

When to Use This Skill

Activate this skill when:

•Managing secrets engines (KV, Database, Cloud, PKI)
•Configuring authentication methods
•Creating and managing Vault policies
•Setting up dynamic credentials for AWS, Azure, GCP
•Implementing secret rotation
•Integrating Vault with Terraform
•Deploying Vault Agent sidecars
•Configuring audit logging
•Setting up high availability
•Performing disaster recovery operations

Vault CLI Basics

Authentication

bash

# Login with token
export VAULT_ADDR='https://vault.example.com:8200'
export VAULT_TOKEN='s.xxxxxxxxxxxxxx'

# Login with AppRole
vault write auth/approle/login \
  role_id="xxx" \
  secret_id="yyy"

# Login with OIDC
vault login -method=oidc

# Login with Kubernetes
vault write auth/kubernetes/login \
  role="my-role" \
  jwt="$(cat /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token)"

Basic Operations

bash

# Write a secret
vault kv put secret/myapp/config \
  api_key="abc123" \
  db_password="xyz789"

# Read a secret
vault kv get secret/myapp/config

# Read specific field
vault kv get -field=api_key secret/myapp/config

# List secrets
vault kv list secret/myapp

# Delete secret
vault kv delete secret/myapp/config

# Metadata operations
vault kv metadata get secret/myapp/config
vault kv metadata delete secret/myapp/config

Secrets Engines

KV v2 (Versioned Key-Value)

bash

# Enable KV v2 engine
vault secrets enable -path=secret kv-v2

# Write versioned secret
vault kv put secret/myapp/config \
  username="admin" \
  password="secret123"

# Write new version
vault kv put secret/myapp/config \
  username="admin" \
  password="newsecret456"

# Read specific version
vault kv get -version=1 secret/myapp/config

# Get version metadata
vault kv metadata get secret/myapp/config

# Delete version
vault kv delete -versions=1,2 secret/myapp/config

# Undelete version
vault kv undelete -versions=1 secret/myapp/config

# Destroy version (permanent)
vault kv destroy -versions=1 secret/myapp/config

# Set max versions
vault kv metadata put -max-versions=5 secret/myapp/config

AWS Secrets Engine

bash

# Enable AWS secrets engine
vault secrets enable aws

# Configure AWS credentials
vault write aws/config/root \
  access_key="AKIAIOSFODNN7EXAMPLE" \
  secret_key="wJalrXUtnFEMI/K7MDENG/bPxRfiCYEXAMPLEKEY" \
  region="us-west-2"

# Create role for dynamic credentials
vault write aws/roles/my-role \
  credential_type="iam_user" \
  policy_document=-<<EOF
{
  "Version": "2012-10-17",
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": "s3:*",
      "Resource": "*"
    }
  ]
}
EOF

# Generate dynamic credentials
vault read aws/creds/my-role

# Create STS role
vault write aws/roles/sts-role \
  credential_type="assumed_role" \
  role_arns="arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/MyRole" \
  default_sts_ttl="3600"

# Generate STS credentials
vault read aws/sts/sts-role

Azure Secrets Engine

bash

# Enable Azure secrets engine
vault secrets enable azure

# Configure Azure
vault write azure/config \
  subscription_id="xxx" \
  tenant_id="yyy" \
  client_id="zzz" \
  client_secret="aaa"

# Create role
vault write azure/roles/my-role \
  ttl="1h" \
  azure_roles=-<<EOF
[
  {
    "role_name": "Contributor",
    "scope": "/subscriptions/xxx/resourceGroups/my-rg"
  }
]
EOF

# Generate credentials
vault read azure/creds/my-role

GCP Secrets Engine

bash

# Enable GCP secrets engine
vault secrets enable gcp

# Configure GCP
vault write gcp/config \
  credentials=@service-account.json

# Create roleset
vault write gcp/roleset/my-roleset \
  project="my-project" \
  secret_type="access_token" \
  token_scopes="https://www.googleapis.com/auth/cloud-platform" \
  bindings=-<<EOF
resource "//cloudresourcemanager.googleapis.com/projects/my-project" {
  roles = ["roles/viewer"]
}
EOF

# Generate access token
vault read gcp/token/my-roleset

# Create service account key
vault write gcp/roleset/my-sa-roleset \
  project="my-project" \
  secret_type="service_account_key" \
  bindings=-<<EOF
resource "//cloudresourcemanager.googleapis.com/projects/my-project" {
  roles = ["roles/compute.instanceAdmin.v1"]
}
EOF

# Generate service account key
vault read gcp/key/my-sa-roleset

Database Secrets Engine

bash

# Enable database secrets engine
vault secrets enable database

# Configure PostgreSQL connection
vault write database/config/postgresql \
  plugin_name="postgresql-database-plugin" \
  allowed_roles="my-role" \
  connection_url="postgresql://{{username}}:{{password}}@localhost:5432/mydb" \
  username="vault" \
  password="vaultpass"

# Rotate root credentials
vault write -force database/rotate-root/postgresql

# Create role
vault write database/roles/my-role \
  db_name="postgresql" \
  creation_statements="CREATE ROLE \"{{name}}\" WITH LOGIN PASSWORD '{{password}}' VALID UNTIL '{{expiration}}'; \
    GRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA public TO \"{{name}}\";" \
  default_ttl="1h" \
  max_ttl="24h"

# Generate dynamic database credentials
vault read database/creds/my-role

# MySQL configuration
vault write database/config/mysql \
  plugin_name="mysql-database-plugin" \
  connection_url="{{username}}:{{password}}@tcp(localhost:3306)/" \
  allowed_roles="mysql-role" \
  username="vault" \
  password="vaultpass"

# MongoDB configuration
vault write database/config/mongodb \
  plugin_name="mongodb-database-plugin" \
  allowed_roles="mongo-role" \
  connection_url="mongodb://{{username}}:{{password}}@localhost:27017/admin" \
  username="vault" \
  password="vaultpass"

PKI Secrets Engine

bash

# Enable PKI engine
vault secrets enable pki

# Set max lease TTL
vault secrets tune -max-lease-ttl=87600h pki

# Generate root CA
vault write -field=certificate pki/root/generate/internal \
  common_name="example.com" \
  ttl=87600h > CA_cert.crt

# Configure URLs
vault write pki/config/urls \
  issuing_certificates="https://vault.example.com:8200/v1/pki/ca" \
  crl_distribution_points="https://vault.example.com:8200/v1/pki/crl"

# Create role
vault write pki/roles/example-dot-com \
  allowed_domains="example.com" \
  allow_subdomains=true \
  max_ttl="720h"

# Generate certificate
vault write pki/issue/example-dot-com \
  common_name="test.example.com" \
  ttl="24h"

# Revoke certificate
vault write pki/revoke serial_number="xx:xx:xx:xx"

Authentication Methods

AppRole Auth

bash

# Enable AppRole
vault auth enable approle

# Create AppRole
vault write auth/approle/role/my-role \
  token_ttl=1h \
  token_max_ttl=4h \
  secret_id_ttl=24h \
  token_policies="default,my-policy"

# Get Role ID
vault read auth/approle/role/my-role/role-id

# Generate Secret ID
vault write -f auth/approle/role/my-role/secret-id

# Login with AppRole
vault write auth/approle/login \
  role_id="xxx" \
  secret_id="yyy"

Kubernetes Auth

bash

# Enable Kubernetes auth
vault auth enable kubernetes

# Configure Kubernetes
vault write auth/kubernetes/config \
  kubernetes_host="https://kubernetes.default.svc:443" \
  kubernetes_ca_cert=@/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/ca.crt \
  token_reviewer_jwt=@/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token

# Create role
vault write auth/kubernetes/role/my-role \
  bound_service_account_names="vault-auth" \
  bound_service_account_namespaces="default" \
  policies="default,my-policy" \
  ttl=1h

# Login from pod
vault write auth/kubernetes/login \
  role="my-role" \
  jwt="$(cat /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token)"

OIDC Auth

bash

# Enable OIDC
vault auth enable oidc

# Configure OIDC
vault write auth/oidc/config \
  oidc_discovery_url="https://accounts.google.com" \
  oidc_client_id="xxx" \
  oidc_client_secret="yyy" \
  default_role="default"

# Create role
vault write auth/oidc/role/default \
  bound_audiences="xxx" \
  allowed_redirect_uris="https://vault.example.com:8200/ui/vault/auth/oidc/oidc/callback" \
  user_claim="email" \
  policies="default"

# Login
vault login -method=oidc

AWS Auth

bash

# Enable AWS auth
vault auth enable aws

# Configure AWS
vault write auth/aws/config/client \
  access_key="AKIAIOSFODNN7EXAMPLE" \
  secret_key="wJalrXUtnFEMI/K7MDENG/bPxRfiCYEXAMPLEKEY"

# Create role for EC2 instances
vault write auth/aws/role/dev-role-ec2 \
  auth_type="ec2" \
  bound_ami_id="ami-xxx" \
  policies="default,dev-policy" \
  max_ttl=1h

# Create role for IAM
vault write auth/aws/role/dev-role-iam \
  auth_type="iam" \
  bound_iam_principal_arn="arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/MyRole" \
  policies="default,dev-policy" \
  max_ttl=1h

Policies and ACLs

Basic Policy

hcl

# my-policy.hcl
path "secret/data/myapp/*" {
  capabilities = ["create", "read", "update", "delete", "list"]
}

path "secret/metadata/myapp/*" {
  capabilities = ["list"]
}

path "auth/token/renew-self" {
  capabilities = ["update"]
}

path "auth/token/lookup-self" {
  capabilities = ["read"]
}

Create and Manage Policies

bash

# Write policy
vault policy write my-policy my-policy.hcl

# Read policy
vault policy read my-policy

# List policies
vault policy list

# Delete policy
vault policy delete my-policy

Advanced Policy Examples

hcl

# Database credentials policy
path "database/creds/readonly" {
  capabilities = ["read"]
}

# AWS credentials with parameters
path "aws/creds/deploy" {
  capabilities = ["read"]
  allowed_parameters = {
    "ttl" = ["1h", "2h"]
  }
}

# Conditional access based on entity
path "secret/data/{{identity.entity.id}}/*" {
  capabilities = ["create", "read", "update", "delete"]
}

# PKI certificate issuance
path "pki/issue/example-dot-com" {
  capabilities = ["create", "update"]
  allowed_parameters = {
    "common_name" = ["*.example.com"]
    "ttl" = []
  }
  denied_parameters = {
    "ttl" = ["8760h"]
  }
}

Vault Agent Sidecar Pattern

Agent Configuration

hcl

# vault-agent-config.hcl
pid_file = "/tmp/pidfile"

vault {
  address = "https://vault.example.com:8200"
}

auto_auth {
  method {
    type = "kubernetes"

    config = {
      role = "my-role"
    }
  }

  sink {
    type = "file"
    config = {
      path = "/vault/secrets/.vault-token"
    }
  }
}

template {
  source = "/vault/configs/config.tmpl"
  destination = "/vault/secrets/config.json"
}

template_config {
  static_secret_render_interval = "5m"
  exit_on_retry_failure = true
}

Kubernetes Deployment with Vault Agent

yaml

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: myapp
spec:
  serviceAccountName: vault-auth

  initContainers:
  - name: vault-agent-init
    image: vault:1.14.0
    args:
      - agent
      - -config=/vault/config/agent-config.hcl
      - -exit-after-auth
    env:
      - name: VAULT_ADDR
        value: https://vault.example.com:8200
    volumeMounts:
      - name: vault-config
        mountPath: /vault/config
      - name: vault-secrets
        mountPath: /vault/secrets

  containers:
  - name: app
    image: myapp:latest
    volumeMounts:
      - name: vault-secrets
        mountPath: /vault/secrets
        readOnly: true

  - name: vault-agent
    image: vault:1.14.0
    args:
      - agent
      - -config=/vault/config/agent-config.hcl
    env:
      - name: VAULT_ADDR
        value: https://vault.example.com:8200
    volumeMounts:
      - name: vault-config
        mountPath: /vault/config
      - name: vault-secrets
        mountPath: /vault/secrets

  volumes:
  - name: vault-config
    configMap:
      name: vault-agent-config
  - name: vault-secrets
    emptyDir:
      medium: Memory

Terraform Integration

Vault Provider

hcl

terraform {
  required_providers {
    vault = {
      source  = "hashicorp/vault"
      version = "~> 3.20.0"
    }
  }
}

provider "vault" {
  address = "https://vault.example.com:8200"
  token   = var.vault_token
}

Manage Vault with Terraform

hcl

# Enable secrets engine
resource "vault_mount" "kv" {
  path        = "secret"
  type        = "kv-v2"
  description = "KV v2 secrets engine"
}

# Create policy
resource "vault_policy" "my_policy" {
  name = "my-policy"

  policy = <<EOT
path "secret/data/myapp/*" {
  capabilities = ["create", "read", "update", "delete", "list"]
}
EOT
}

# Enable auth method
resource "vault_auth_backend" "kubernetes" {
  type = "kubernetes"
}

# Configure Kubernetes auth
resource "vault_kubernetes_auth_backend_config" "kubernetes" {
  backend            = vault_auth_backend.kubernetes.path
  kubernetes_host    = "https://kubernetes.default.svc:443"
  kubernetes_ca_cert = file("/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/ca.crt")
  token_reviewer_jwt = file("/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token")
}

# Create Kubernetes role
resource "vault_kubernetes_auth_backend_role" "my_role" {
  backend                          = vault_auth_backend.kubernetes.path
  role_name                        = "my-role"
  bound_service_account_names      = ["vault-auth"]
  bound_service_account_namespaces = ["default"]
  token_ttl                        = 3600
  token_policies                   = ["default", vault_policy.my_policy.name]
}

# AWS secrets engine
resource "vault_aws_secret_backend" "aws" {
  path       = "aws"
  access_key = var.aws_access_key
  secret_key = var.aws_secret_key
  region     = "us-west-2"
}

# AWS role
resource "vault_aws_secret_backend_role" "deploy" {
  backend         = vault_aws_secret_backend.aws.path
  name            = "deploy"
  credential_type = "iam_user"

  policy_document = <<EOF
{
  "Version": "2012-10-17",
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": "ec2:*",
      "Resource": "*"
    }
  ]
}
EOF
}

Read Secrets from Vault in Terraform

hcl

# Read KV secret
data "vault_kv_secret_v2" "config" {
  mount = "secret"
  name  = "myapp/config"
}

# Use secret in resource
resource "aws_db_instance" "default" {
  username = data.vault_kv_secret_v2.config.data["db_username"]
  password = data.vault_kv_secret_v2.config.data["db_password"]
}

# Generate dynamic AWS credentials
data "vault_aws_access_credentials" "creds" {
  backend = vault_aws_secret_backend.aws.path
  role    = vault_aws_secret_backend_role.deploy.name
}

provider "aws" {
  access_key = data.vault_aws_access_credentials.creds.access_key
  secret_key = data.vault_aws_access_credentials.creds.secret_key
}

Audit Logging

Enable Audit Device

bash

# File audit
vault audit enable file file_path=/vault/logs/audit.log

# Syslog audit
vault audit enable syslog tag="vault" facility="LOCAL7"

# Socket audit
vault audit enable socket address="127.0.0.1:9090" socket_type="tcp"

# List audit devices
vault audit list

# Disable audit device
vault audit disable file/

High Availability

Raft Storage Configuration

hcl

# vault-config.hcl
storage "raft" {
  path    = "/vault/data"
  node_id = "node1"

  retry_join {
    leader_api_addr = "https://vault-0.vault-internal:8200"
  }

  retry_join {
    leader_api_addr = "https://vault-1.vault-internal:8200"
  }

  retry_join {
    leader_api_addr = "https://vault-2.vault-internal:8200"
  }
}

listener "tcp" {
  address     = "0.0.0.0:8200"
  tls_cert_file = "/vault/tls/tls.crt"
  tls_key_file  = "/vault/tls/tls.key"
}

api_addr = "https://vault.example.com:8200"
cluster_addr = "https://vault-0.vault-internal:8201"
ui = true

Check HA Status

bash

# Check HA status
vault status

# List Raft peers
vault operator raft list-peers

# Join Raft cluster
vault operator raft join https://vault-0.vault-internal:8200

Disaster Recovery

Backup

bash

# Take snapshot (Raft storage)
vault operator raft snapshot save backup.snap

# Automated backup script
#!/bin/bash
BACKUP_DIR="/vault/backups"
TIMESTAMP=$(date +%Y%m%d-%H%M%S)
vault operator raft snapshot save "$BACKUP_DIR/vault-backup-$TIMESTAMP.snap"

# Restore snapshot
vault operator raft snapshot restore backup.snap

Recovery Keys

bash

# Generate recovery keys
vault operator init -recovery-shares=5 -recovery-threshold=3

# Use recovery key to unseal
vault operator unseal -reset
vault operator unseal <recovery_key>

Common Troubleshooting

Issue: Vault Sealed

Solution: Unseal Vault with unseal keys

bash

vault operator unseal <key1>
vault operator unseal <key2>
vault operator unseal <key3>

Issue: Permission Denied

Solution: Check policy capabilities

bash

vault token capabilities secret/data/myapp/config

Issue: Token Expired

Solution: Renew or create new token

bash

vault token renew
vault token create -policy=my-policy

Issue: Secret Not Found

Solution: Verify path and KV version

bash

# KV v2 requires /data/ in path
vault kv get secret/myapp/config

# Check mount path
vault secrets list

Best Practices

•Enable audit logging on all Vault clusters
•Use dynamic credentials instead of static secrets
•Implement secret rotation for all credentials
•Use Vault Agent for application secret injection
•Never log or print secret values
•Use short TTLs for tokens and credentials
•Implement least privilege with policies
•Enable MFA for sensitive operations
•Backup Raft snapshots regularly
•Monitor Vault metrics and audit logs

File References

•See references/secrets-engines.md for all secrets engine configurations
•See references/auth-methods.md for all auth method configurations
•See references/policies.md for policy patterns and examples
•See references/terraform-integration.md for Vault with Terraform
•See examples/ for production-ready Vault configurations