CTF Miscellaneous

Quick reference for misc challenges. For detailed techniques, see supporting files.

Additional Resources

• •pyjails.md - Python jail/sandbox escape techniques
• •bashjails.md - Bash jail/restricted shell escape techniques
• •encodings.md - Encodings, QR codes, audio, esolangs
• •RF/SDR/IQ signal processing section below covers QAM, PSK, carrier recovery, timing sync

General Tips

• •Read all provided files carefully
• •Check file metadata, hidden content, encoding
• •Power Automate scripts may hide API calls
• •Use binary search when guessing multiple answers

Common Encodings

# Base64
echo "encoded" | base64 -d

# Base32 (A-Z2-7=)
echo "OBUWG32D..." | base32 -d

# Hex
echo "68656c6c6f" | xxd -r -p

# ROT13
echo "uryyb" | tr 'a-zA-Z' 'n-za-mN-ZA-M'

Identify by charset:

• •Base64: A-Za-z0-9+/=
• •Base32: A-Z2-7= (no lowercase)
• •Hex: 0-9a-fA-F

IEEE-754 Float Encoding (Data Hiding)

Pattern (Floating): Numbers are float32 values hiding raw bytes.

Key insight: A 32-bit float is just 4 bytes interpreted as a number. Reinterpret as raw bytes → ASCII.

import struct

# List of suspicious floating-point numbers
floats = [1.234e5, -3.456e-7, ...]  # Whatever the challenge gives

# Convert each float to 4 raw bytes (big-endian)
flag = b''
for f in floats:
    flag += struct.pack('>f', f)
print(flag.decode())

CyberChef solution:

1. •Paste numbers (space-separated)
2. •"From Float" → Big Endian → Float (4 bytes) → Space delimiter

Variations:

• •Double (8 bytes): struct.pack('>d', val)
• •Little-endian: struct.pack('<f', val)
• •Mixed endianness: try both if first doesn't produce ASCII

USB Mouse PCAP Reconstruction

Pattern (Hunt and Peck): USB HID mouse traffic captures on-screen keyboard typing.

Workflow:

1. •Open PCAP in Wireshark — identify USBPcap with HID interrupt transfers
2. •Identify device (Device Descriptor → manufacturer/product)
3. •Use USB-Mouse-Pcap-Visualizer: github.com/WangYihang/USB-Mouse-Pcap-Visualizer
4. •Extract click coordinates (falling edges of left_button_holding)
5. •Plot clicks on scatter plot with matplotlib
6. •Overlay on image of Windows On-Screen Keyboard
7. •Animate clicks in order to read typed text

Key details:

• •Mouse reports relative coordinates (deltas), not absolute
• •Cumulative sum of deltas gives position track
• •Rising/falling edges of button state = click start/end
• •Need to scale/stretch overlay to match OSK layout

import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

df = pd.read_csv('mouse_data.csv')
# Find click positions (falling edges)
clicks = df[df['left_button_holding'].shift(1) == True & (df['left_button_holding'] == False)]
# Cumulative position from relative deltas
x_pos = df['x'].cumsum()
y_pos = df['y'].cumsum()
# Plot clicks over OSK image
plt.scatter(click_x, click_y, c='red', s=50)

File Type Detection

file unknown_file
xxd unknown_file | head
binwalk unknown_file

Archive Extraction

7z x archive.7z           # Universal
tar -xzf archive.tar.gz   # Gzip
tar -xjf archive.tar.bz2  # Bzip2
tar -xJf archive.tar.xz   # XZ

Nested Archive Script

while f=$(ls *.tar* *.gz *.bz2 *.xz *.zip *.7z 2>/dev/null|head -1) && [ -n "$f" ]; do
    7z x -y "$f" && rm "$f"
done

QR Codes

zbarimg qrcode.png       # Decode
qrencode -o out.png "data"

Audio Challenges

sox audio.wav -n spectrogram  # Visual data
qsstv                          # SSTV decoder

RF / SDR / IQ Signal Processing

IQ File Formats

• •cf32 (complex float 32): GNU Radio standard, np.fromfile(path, dtype=np.complex64)
• •cs16 (complex signed 16-bit): np.fromfile(path, dtype=np.int16).reshape(-1,2), then I + jQ
• •cu8 (complex unsigned 8-bit): RTL-SDR raw format

Analysis Pipeline

import numpy as np
from scipy import signal

# 1. Load IQ data
iq = np.fromfile('signal.cf32', dtype=np.complex64)

# 2. Spectrum analysis - find occupied bands
fft_data = np.fft.fftshift(np.fft.fft(iq[:4096]))
freqs = np.fft.fftshift(np.fft.fftfreq(4096))
power_db = 20*np.log10(np.abs(fft_data)+1e-10)

# 3. Identify symbol rate via cyclostationary analysis
x2 = np.abs(iq_filtered)**2  # squared magnitude
fft_x2 = np.abs(np.fft.fft(x2, n=65536))
# Peak in fft_x2 = symbol rate (samples_per_symbol = 1/peak_freq)

# 4. Frequency shift to baseband
center_freq = 0.14  # normalized frequency of band center
t = np.arange(len(iq))
baseband = iq * np.exp(-2j * np.pi * center_freq * t)

# 5. Low-pass filter to isolate band
lpf = signal.firwin(101, bandwidth/2, fs=1.0)
filtered = signal.lfilter(lpf, 1.0, baseband)

QAM-16 Demodulation with Carrier + Timing Recovery

The key challenge is carrier frequency offset causing constellation rotation (circles instead of points).

Decision-directed carrier recovery + Mueller-Muller timing:

# Loop parameters (2nd order PLL)
carrier_bw = 0.02  # wider BW = faster tracking, more noise
damping = 1.0
theta_n = carrier_bw / (damping + 1/(4*damping))
Kp = 2 * damping * theta_n      # proportional gain
Ki = theta_n ** 2                # integral gain

carrier_phase = 0.0
carrier_freq = 0.0

for each symbol sample:
    # De-rotate by current phase estimate
    symbol = raw_sample * np.exp(-1j * carrier_phase)

    # Find nearest constellation point (decision)
    nearest = min(constellation, key=lambda p: abs(symbol - p))

    # Phase error (decision-directed)
    error = np.imag(symbol * np.conj(nearest)) / (abs(nearest)**2 + 0.1)

    # Update 2nd order loop
    carrier_freq += Ki * error
    carrier_phase += Kp * error + carrier_freq

Mueller-Muller timing error detector:

timing_error = (Re(y[n]-y[n-1]) * Re(d[n-1]) - Re(d[n]-d[n-1]) * Re(y[n-1]))
             + (Im(y[n]-y[n-1]) * Im(d[n-1]) - Im(d[n]-d[n-1]) * Im(y[n-1]))
# y = received symbol, d = decision (nearest constellation point)

Key Insights for RF CTF Challenges

• •Circles in constellation = frequency offset not corrected
• •Spirals = frequency offset + time-varying phase
• •Blobs on grid = correct sync, just noise
• •4-fold ambiguity: DD carrier recovery can lock with 0°/90°/180°/270° rotation — try all 4
• •Bandwidth vs symbol rate: BW = Rs × (1 + α), where α is roll-off factor (0 to 1)
• •RC vs RRC: "RC pulse shaping" at TX means receiver just samples (no matched filter needed); "RRC" means apply matched RRC filter at RX
• •Cyclostationary peak at Rs confirms symbol rate even without knowing modulation order
• •AGC: normalize signal power to match constellation power: scale = sqrt(target_power / measured_power)
• •GNU Radio's QAM-16 default mapping is NOT Gray code — always check the provided constellation map

Common Framing Patterns

• •Idle/sync pattern repeating while link is idle
• •Start delimiter (often a single symbol like 0)
• •Data payload (nibble pairs for QAM-16: high nibble first, low nibble)
• •End delimiter (same as start, e.g., 0)
• •The idle pattern itself may contain the delimiter value — distinguish by context (is it part of the 16-symbol repeating pattern?)

pwntools Interaction

from pwn import *

r = remote('host', port)
r.recvuntil(b'prompt: ')
r.sendline(b'answer')
r.interactive()

Python Jail Quick Reference

Enumerate functions:

for c in string.printable:
    result = test(f"{c}()")
    if "error" not in result.lower():
        print(f"Found: {c}()")

Oracle pattern (L, Q, S functions):

flag_len = int(test("L()"))
for i in range(flag_len):
    for c in range(32, 127):
        if query(i, c) == 0:
            flag += chr(c)
            break

Bypass character restrictions:

# Walrus operator
(abcdef := "new_allowed_chars")

# Octal escapes
'\\141' = 'a'

Decorator bypass (ast.Call banned, no quotes, no =):

# Decorators = function calls + assignment without ast.Call or =
# function.__name__ = strings without quotes
# See pyjails.md "Decorator-Based Escape" for full technique
@__import__
@func.__class__.__dict__[__name__.__name__].__get__  # name extractor
def os():
    0
# Result: os = __import__("os")

Z3 Constraint Solving

from z3 import *

flag = [BitVec(f'f{i}', 8) for i in range(FLAG_LEN)]
s = Solver()
s.add(flag[0] == ord('f'))  # Known prefix
# Add constraints...
if s.check() == sat:
    print(bytes([s.model()[f].as_long() for f in flag]))

Hash Identification

By constants:

• •MD5: 0x67452301
• •SHA-256: 0x6a09e667
• •MurmurHash64A: 0xC6A4A7935BD1E995

PyInstaller Extraction

python pyinstxtractor.py packed.exe
# Look in packed.exe_extracted/

Marshal Code Analysis

import marshal, dis
with open('file.bin', 'rb') as f:
    code = marshal.load(f)
dis.dis(code)

Python Environment RCE

PYTHONWARNINGS=ignore::antigravity.Foo::0
BROWSER="/bin/sh -c 'cat /flag' %s"

Floating-Point Precision Exploitation

Pattern (Spare Me Some Change): Trading/economy games where large multipliers amplify tiny floating-point errors.

Key insight: When decimal values (0.01-0.99) are multiplied by large numbers (e.g., 1e15), floating-point representation errors create fractional remainders that can be exploited.

Finding Exploitable Values

mult = 1000000000000000  # 10^15

# Find values where multiplication creates useful fractional errors
for i in range(1, 100):
    x = i / 100.0
    result = x * mult
    frac = result - int(result)
    if frac > 0:
        print(f'x={x}: {result} (fraction={frac})')

# Common values with positive fractions:
# 0.07 → 70000000000000.0078125
# 0.14 → 140000000000000.015625
# 0.27 → 270000000000000.03125
# 0.56 → 560000000000000.0625

Exploitation Strategy

1. •Identify the constraint: Need balance >= price AND inventory >= fee
2. •Find favorable FP error: Value where x * mult has positive fraction
3. •Key trick: Sell the INTEGER part of inventory, keeping the fractional "free money"

Example (time-travel trading game):

Initial: balance=5.00, inventory=0.00, flag_price=5.00, fee=0.05
Multiplier: 1e15 (time travel)

# Buy 0.56, travel through time:
balance = (5.0 - 0.56) * 1e15 = 4439999999999999.5
inventory = 0.56 * 1e15 = 560000000000000.0625

# Sell exactly 560000000000000 (integer part):
balance = 4439999999999999.5 + 560000000000000 = 5000000000000000.0 (FP rounds!)
inventory = 560000000000000.0625 - 560000000000000 = 0.0625 > 0.05 fee ✓

# Now: balance >= flag_price ✓ AND inventory >= fee ✓

Why It Works

• •Float64 has ~15-16 significant digits precision
• •(5.0 - 0.56) * 1e15 loses precision → rounds to exact 5e15 when added
• •0.56 * 1e15 keeps the 0.0625 fraction as "free inventory"
• •The asymmetric rounding gives you slightly more total value than you started with

Red Flags in Challenges

• •"Time travel amplifies everything" (large multipliers)
• •Trading games with buy/sell + special actions
• •Decimal currency with fees or thresholds
• •"No decimals allowed" after certain operations (forces integer transactions)
• •Starting values that seem impossible to win with normal math

Quick Test Script

def find_exploit(mult, balance_needed, inventory_needed):
    """Find x where selling int(x*mult) gives balance>=needed with inv>=needed"""
    for i in range(1, 500):
        x = i / 100.0
        if x >= 5.0:  # Can't buy more than balance
            break
        inv_after = x * mult
        bal_after = (5.0 - x) * mult

        # Sell integer part of inventory
        sell = int(inv_after)
        final_bal = bal_after + sell
        final_inv = inv_after - sell

        if final_bal >= balance_needed and final_inv >= inventory_needed:
            print(f'EXPLOIT: buy {x}, sell {sell}')
            print(f'  final_balance={final_bal}, final_inventory={final_inv}')
            return x
    return None

# Example usage:
find_exploit(1e15, 5e15, 0.05)  # Returns 0.56

Useful One-Liners

grep -rn "flag{" .
strings file | grep -i flag
python3 -c "print(int('deadbeef', 16))"

Keyboard Shift Cipher

Pattern (Frenzy): Characters shifted left/right on QWERTY keyboard layout.

Identification: dCode Cipher Identifier suggests "Keyboard Shift Cipher"

Decoding: Use dCode Keyboard Shift Cipher with automatic mode.

Pigpen / Masonic Cipher

Pattern (Working For Peanuts): Geometric symbols representing letters based on grid positions.

Identification: Angular/geometric symbols, challenge references "Peanuts" comic (Charlie Brown), "dusty looking crypto"

Decoding: Map symbols to Pigpen grid positions, or use online decoder.

ASCII in Numeric Data Columns

Pattern (Cooked Books): CSV/spreadsheet numeric values (48-126) are ASCII character codes.

import csv
with open('data.csv') as f:
    reader = csv.DictReader(f)
    flag = ''.join(chr(int(row['Times Borrowed'])) for row in reader)
print(flag)

CyberChef: "From Decimal" recipe with line feed delimiter.

Python Jail: String Join Bypass

Pattern (better_eval): + operator blocked for string concatenation.

Bypass with ''.join():

# Blocked: "fl" + "ag.txt"
# Allowed: ''.join(["fl","ag.txt"])

# Full payload:
open(''.join(['fl','ag.txt'])).read()

Other bypass techniques:

• •chr() + list comprehension: ''.join([chr(102),chr(108),chr(97),chr(103)])
• •Format strings: f"{'flag'}.txt" (if f-strings allowed)
• •bytes([102,108,97,103]).decode() for "flag"

Backdoor Detection in Source Code

Pattern (Rear Hatch): Hidden command prefix triggers system() call.

Common patterns:

• •strncmp(input, "exec:", 5) → runs system(input + 5)
• •Hex-encoded comparison strings: \x65\x78\x65\x63\x3a = "exec:"
• •Hidden conditions in maintenance/admin functions

Cipher Identification Workflow

1. •ROT13 - Challenge mentions "ROT", text looks like garbled English
2. •Base64 - A-Za-z0-9+/=, title hints "64"
3. •Base32 - A-Z2-7= uppercase only
4. •Atbash - Title hints (Abash/Atbash), preserves spaces, 1:1 substitution
5. •Pigpen - Geometric symbols on grid
6. •Keyboard Shift - Text looks like adjacent keys pressed
7. •Substitution - Frequency analysis applicable

Auto-identify: dCode Cipher Identifier