Rust Coder

Write Rust code that compiles, is idiomatic, and integrates correctly into the project. This skill encodes specific failure modes that AI models are statistically worst at.

Before Writing Code

1. •Read surrounding code first. Never generate Rust in isolation. Understand the module structure, existing types, trait implementations, and error handling patterns already in use.
2. •Check Cargo.toml for the Rust edition, dependency versions, and feature flags. Generate code against the actual versions, not whatever version is in training data.
3. •Identify the module path. Know exactly where mod declarations live, what's pub, pub(crate), or private. Get imports right the first time.

Ownership & Lifetimes (AI failure rate: very high)

• •Don't .clone() to escape the borrow checker. If you're about to add .clone(), stop and think about whether borrowing or restructuring ownership is correct.
• •Don't guess lifetime annotations. If a function needs lifetimes, trace the actual data flow: where does the borrowed data come from, where does it go, what outlives what. Draw the dependency, then annotate.
• •Prefer owned types in struct fields unless there's a clear performance reason for borrowing. String over &str, Vec<T> over &[T] for struct fields.
• •When lifetime errors occur, don't blindly add 'static or 'a everywhere. Understand why the compiler is complaining — it's usually telling you about a real design issue.

Async Rust (AI failure rate: high for non-trivial cases)

Mental model

An async fn returns an anonymous Future — a state machine holding everything alive across .await points. Whether it's Send depends on what it holds.

Rules while writing async code

• •No blocking in async. Never use std::fs, std::net, or thread::sleep in async functions. Use tokio::fs, tokio::net, tokio::time::sleep, or spawn_blocking.
• •No std::sync::Mutex guards across .await. The task can move threads. Use tokio::sync::Mutex or drop the guard before .await.
• •Spawned tasks need Send + 'static. Check that everything captured by a tokio::spawn closure satisfies this. Rc is !Send — use Arc.
• •Drop non-Send data before .await if you can't change the type.

Async fn in traits

// Native (Rust 1.75+) — NOT dyn-safe
trait MyTrait {
    async fn do_thing(&self) -> Result<()>;
}

// For dynamic dispatch: box the future
trait MyTrait {
    fn do_thing(&self) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<()>> + Send + '_>>;
}

// Or use async-trait crate for convenience
#[async_trait]
trait MyTrait {
    async fn do_thing(&self) -> Result<()>;
}

Prefer generics over dyn when you don't need dynamic dispatch (most cases).

Pin

• •Box::pin(future) for heap pinning (storing futures in structs)
• •tokio::pin!(future) for stack pinning (select!, manual polling)
• •Most types are Unpin and can be moved freely. Async fn futures are !Unpin.

Streams

use tokio_stream::StreamExt;
while let Some(item) = stream.next().await {
    process(item).await;
}

Runtime

• •Don't mix runtimes (tokio vs async-std). Pick one.
• •Use #[tokio::main] for binaries, #[tokio::test] for async tests.

Error Handling

• •Use ? operator and proper error propagation. Never unwrap() in library code or anything that isn't a quick script/test.
• •Use thiserror for library error types, anyhow for application-level errors (check which the project already uses).
• •Match the project's existing error handling pattern. If they use custom error enums, follow that convention.

Idiomatic Patterns

• •Use iterators over manual loops: .iter().map().filter().collect() not for i in 0..len.
• •Use enum with variants over stringly-typed APIs or boolean flags.
• •Use impl Into<T> / AsRef<T> for flexible function parameters.
• •Prefer Option and Result over sentinel values or panics.
• •Use Default::default() and builder patterns where appropriate.
• •Use #[derive(...)] for standard traits — don't hand-implement Debug, Clone, PartialEq unless there's a reason.

Module Integration (AI failure rate: catastrophic at 94.8%)

• •Verify every use statement. Check that the path actually exists in the crate/dependency. Don't guess.
• •Check re-exports. Many crates re-export items at different paths than their internal structure. Read lib.rs or the crate docs.
• •Check feature gates. If a type/function requires a cargo feature flag, mention it.
• •When adding a new module, remember to add the mod declaration in the parent module.

Type System

• •Be precise with generics. Don't over-constrain with unnecessary trait bounds. Don't under-constrain and get confusing errors downstream.
• •When implementing traits, read the trait definition first. Check required methods, provided methods, and associated types.
• •Use type aliases to simplify complex types: type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, MyError>;

Testing

• •Tests go in a #[cfg(test)] mod tests block at the bottom of the file, or in a tests/ directory for integration tests.
• •Use #[test], #[should_panic], and #[ignore] attributes correctly.
• •Use assert_eq!, assert_ne!, assert!(matches!(...)) — not just assert!.
• •Test the ownership edge cases: does the function work with borrowed data? Owned data? Both?

After Writing Code

1. •Mentally trace through the borrow checker: are there any overlapping mutable borrows? Are lifetimes correct?
2. •Check every use statement resolves to a real path.
3. •Ensure error types are compatible (no implicit conversions that don't exist).
4. •For async: no blocking calls, no mutex guards across .await, Send bounds satisfied on spawned tasks.
5. •Run cargo check and fix errors before presenting the code.