def test_user_creation():
    # Arrange
    name = "Alice"
    email = "alice@example.com"

    # Act
    user = User.create(name=name, email=email)

    # Assert
    assert user.name == name
    assert user.email == email
    assert user.id is not None

def test_order_total_with_discount():
    # Given a cart with items and a discount code
    cart = Cart()
    cart.add_item(Product("Widget", 100))
    cart.apply_discount("SAVE10")

    # When calculating the total
    total = cart.calculate_total()

    # Then the discount is applied
    assert total == 90

# Test single units in isolation
def test_email_validation():
    assert is_valid_email("user@example.com") is True
    assert is_valid_email("invalid") is False
    assert is_valid_email("") is False

# Test component interactions
@pytest.mark.integration
def test_user_repository_saves_to_database(db_session):
    repo = UserRepository(db_session)
    user = User(name="Alice", email="alice@test.com")

    repo.save(user)

    saved_user = repo.find_by_email("alice@test.com")
    assert saved_user.name == "Alice"

# Test complete workflows
@pytest.mark.e2e
def test_checkout_flow(browser, test_server):
    browser.goto("/products")
    browser.click("Add to Cart")
    browser.goto("/checkout")
    browser.fill("email", "test@example.com")
    browser.click("Place Order")

    assert "Order confirmed" in browser.content()

@pytest.fixture
def user():
    return User(name="Test User", email="test@example.com")

@pytest.fixture
def db_session():
    session = create_test_session()
    yield session
    session.rollback()
    session.close()

@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
def test_client():
    app = create_app(testing=True)
    with app.test_client() as client:
        yield client

class UserFactory:
    @staticmethod
    def create(**kwargs):
        defaults = {
            "name": "Test User",
            "email": f"user{uuid4().hex[:8]}@test.com",
            "active": True,
        }
        defaults.update(kwargs)
        return User(**defaults)

def test_inactive_user():
    user = UserFactory.create(active=False)
    assert user.can_login() is False

from unittest.mock import Mock, patch

def test_payment_processing():
    # Mock the payment gateway
    mock_gateway = Mock()
    mock_gateway.charge.return_value = {"status": "success", "id": "txn_123"}

    processor = PaymentProcessor(gateway=mock_gateway)
    result = processor.process_payment(amount=100)

    assert result.success is True
    mock_gateway.charge.assert_called_once_with(100)

@patch("myapp.services.requests.post")
def test_api_call(mock_post):
    mock_post.return_value.json.return_value = {"data": "value"}
    mock_post.return_value.status_code = 200

    result = fetch_data()

    assert result == {"data": "value"}

def test_time_dependent_function():
    with patch("myapp.utils.datetime") as mock_datetime:
        mock_datetime.now.return_value = datetime(2024, 1, 15, 12, 0, 0)

        result = get_greeting()

        assert result == "Good afternoon"

tests/
├── unit/
│   ├── test_user.py
│   ├── test_order.py
│   └── test_utils.py
├── integration/
│   ├── test_user_repository.py
│   └── test_api_endpoints.py
├── e2e/
│   └── test_checkout_flow.py
├── conftest.py
└── factories.py

# test_<module>.py
# test_<feature>_<scenario>

def test_user_creation_with_valid_email():
    pass

def test_user_creation_fails_with_invalid_email():
    pass

def test_order_total_includes_tax():
    pass

def test_order_total_excludes_tax_for_exempt_users():
    pass

@pytest.mark.parametrize("input,expected", [
    ("hello", "HELLO"),
    ("world", "WORLD"),
    ("", ""),
    ("MixedCase", "MIXEDCASE"),
])
def test_uppercase(input, expected):
    assert uppercase(input) == expected

@pytest.mark.parametrize("value,expected_valid", [
    (0, True),
    (-1, False),
    (100, True),
    (101, False),
    (None, False),
])
def test_age_validation(value, expected_valid):
    assert is_valid_age(value) == expected_valid

# Dummy - passed but never used
def test_with_dummy():
    dummy_logger = None
    service = Service(logger=dummy_logger)

# Stub - returns canned answers
stub_repo = Mock()
stub_repo.find.return_value = User(name="Test")

# Spy - records calls
spy = Mock(wraps=real_object)

# Mock - pre-programmed expectations
mock_email = Mock()
mock_email.send.return_value = True

# Fake - working implementation (simplified)
class FakeRepository:
    def __init__(self):
        self._data = {}

    def save(self, obj):
        self._data[obj.id] = obj

    def find(self, id):
        return self._data.get(id)

@pytest.mark.asyncio
async def test_async_fetch():
    result = await fetch_data()
    assert result is not None

@pytest.fixture
async def async_client():
    async with AsyncClient(app, base_url="http://test") as client:
        yield client

@pytest.mark.asyncio
async def test_api_endpoint(async_client):
    response = await async_client.get("/users")
    assert response.status_code == 200

pytest --cov=myapp --cov-report=html

mutmut run --paths-to-mutate=myapp/

from hypothesis import given, strategies as st

@given(st.lists(st.integers()))
def test_sort_preserves_length(lst):
    assert len(sorted(lst)) == len(lst)

@given(st.lists(st.integers()))
def test_sort_idempotent(lst):
    assert sorted(sorted(lst)) == sorted(lst)