# Bad - trusting user input
def get_user(user_id):
    return db.query(f"SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = {user_id}")

# Good - parameterized queries
def get_user(user_id: int):
    return db.query("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ?", [user_id])

# XSS Prevention
from markupsafe import escape

def render_comment(comment):
    return f"<div>{escape(comment)}</div>"

from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, validator

class UserInput(BaseModel):
    age: int = Field(ge=0, le=150)
    email: str

    @validator('email')
    def validate_email(cls, v):
        if '@' not in v:
            raise ValueError('Invalid email')
        return v.lower()

# Bad
cursor.execute(f"SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = '{name}'")

# Good - parameterized
cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = ?", (name,))

# Good - ORM
User.objects.filter(name=name)

CREATE PROCEDURE GetUserByName(IN userName VARCHAR(100))
BEGIN
    SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = userName;
END;

Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'self'; script-src 'self'; style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'

// Bad
element.innerHTML = userInput;

// Good
element.textContent = userInput;

// React (auto-escaped)
<div>{userInput}</div>

// Dangerous (only when necessary)
<div dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{__html: sanitizedHtml}} />

response.set_cookie(
    'session_id',
    value=session_id,
    httponly=True,
    secure=True,
    samesite='Strict'
)

# Generate token
csrf_token = secrets.token_urlsafe(32)
session['csrf_token'] = csrf_token

# Validate on POST
if request.form.get('csrf_token') != session.get('csrf_token'):
    abort(403)

response.set_cookie('session', value, samesite='Strict')

import bcrypt

# Hash password
def hash_password(password: str) -> str:
    salt = bcrypt.gensalt(rounds=12)
    return bcrypt.hashpw(password.encode(), salt).decode()

# Verify password
def verify_password(password: str, hashed: str) -> bool:
    return bcrypt.checkpw(password.encode(), hashed.encode())

from functools import wraps
from flask_limiter import Limiter

limiter = Limiter(key_func=get_remote_address)

@app.route('/login', methods=['POST'])
@limiter.limit("5 per minute")
def login():
    # ...

# Session configuration
app.config.update(
    SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE=True,
    SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY=True,
    SESSION_COOKIE_SAMESITE='Lax',
    PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME=timedelta(hours=1)
)

def require_role(role):
    def decorator(f):
        @wraps(f)
        def decorated(*args, **kwargs):
            if not current_user.has_role(role):
                abort(403)
            return f(*args, **kwargs)
        return decorated
    return decorator

@app.route('/admin')
@require_role('admin')
def admin_panel():
    pass

def get_order(order_id):
    order = Order.query.get(order_id)
    if order.user_id != current_user.id:
        abort(403)
    return order

# Bad
API_KEY = "sk_live_abc123"

# Good
import os
API_KEY = os.environ.get('API_KEY')

# .gitignore
.env
*.pem
secrets/
credentials.json

from cryptography.fernet import Fernet

# Generate key (store securely)
key = Fernet.generate_key()
cipher = Fernet(key)

# Encrypt
encrypted = cipher.encrypt(b"sensitive data")

# Decrypt
decrypted = cipher.decrypt(encrypted)

# Flask
from flask_tls import ForceHTTPS
ForceHTTPS(app)

# Nginx
server {
    listen 80;
    return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
}

Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
X-Frame-Options: DENY
X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block

ALLOWED_EXTENSIONS = {'png', 'jpg', 'jpeg', 'gif'}

def allowed_file(filename):
    return '.' in filename and \
           filename.rsplit('.', 1)[1].lower() in ALLOWED_EXTENSIONS

def upload_file(file):
    if not allowed_file(file.filename):
        raise ValueError("Invalid file type")

    # Use secure filename
    filename = secure_filename(file.filename)

    # Store outside web root
    file.save(os.path.join(UPLOAD_FOLDER, filename))

import clamd

def scan_file(file_path):
    cd = clamd.ClamdUnixSocket()
    result = cd.scan(file_path)
    if result[file_path][0] == 'FOUND':
        raise SecurityError("Malware detected")

import logging

# Don't log sensitive data
logger.info(f"User {user_id} logged in")  # Good
logger.info(f"Password: {password}")  # Bad!

# Mask sensitive fields
def mask_sensitive(data):
    if 'password' in data:
        data['password'] = '***'
    if 'credit_card' in data:
        data['credit_card'] = '****' + data['credit_card'][-4:]
    return data

def log_audit_event(user_id, action, resource, details=None):
    AuditLog.create(
        user_id=user_id,
        action=action,
        resource=resource,
        details=details,
        ip_address=request.remote_addr,
        timestamp=datetime.utcnow()
    )

# Check for vulnerabilities
pip-audit
npm audit
cargo audit

# requirements.txt
django==4.2.7
requests==2.31.0