Three.js Best Practices

Comprehensive performance optimization guide for Three.js applications. Contains 120+ rules across 18 categories, prioritized by impact.

Sources & Credits

This skill compiles best practices from multiple authoritative sources:

• •Official guidelines from Three.js llms branch maintained by mrdoob
• •100 Three.js Tips by Utsubo - Excellent comprehensive guide covering WebGPU, asset optimization, and performance tips

When to Apply

Reference these guidelines when:

• •Setting up a new Three.js project
• •Writing or reviewing Three.js code
• •Optimizing performance or fixing memory leaks
• •Working with custom shaders (GLSL or TSL)
• •Implementing WebGPU features
• •Building VR/AR experiences with WebXR
• •Integrating physics engines
• •Optimizing for mobile devices

Rule Categories by Priority

Quick Reference

0. Modern Setup (FUNDAMENTAL)

• •setup-use-import-maps - Use Import Maps, not old CDN scripts
• •setup-choose-renderer - WebGLRenderer (default) vs WebGPURenderer (TSL/compute)
• •setup-animation-loop - Use renderer.setAnimationLoop() not manual RAF
• •setup-basic-scene-template - Complete modern scene template

1. Memory Management (CRITICAL)

• •memory-dispose-geometry - Always dispose geometries
• •memory-dispose-material - Always dispose materials and textures
• •memory-dispose-textures - Dispose dynamically created textures
• •memory-dispose-render-targets - Always dispose WebGLRenderTarget
• •memory-dispose-recursive - Use recursive disposal for hierarchies
• •memory-dispose-on-unmount - Dispose in React cleanup/unmount
• •memory-renderer-dispose - Dispose renderer when destroying view
• •memory-reuse-objects - Reuse geometries and materials

2. Render Loop (CRITICAL)

• •render-single-raf - Single requestAnimationFrame loop
• •render-conditional - Render on demand for static scenes
• •render-delta-time - Use delta time for animations
• •render-avoid-allocations - Never allocate in render loop
• •render-cache-computations - Cache expensive computations
• •render-frustum-culling - Enable frustum culling
• •render-update-matrix-manual - Disable auto matrix updates for static objects
• •render-pixel-ratio - Limit pixel ratio to 2
• •render-antialias-wisely - Use antialiasing judiciously

3. Draw Call Optimization (CRITICAL)

• •draw-call-optimization - Target under 100 draw calls per frame
• •geometry-instanced-mesh - Use InstancedMesh for identical objects
• •geometry-batched-mesh - Use BatchedMesh for varied geometries (same material)
• •geometry-merge-static - Merge static geometries with BufferGeometryUtils

4. Geometry (HIGH)

• •geometry-buffer-geometry - Always use BufferGeometry
• •geometry-merge-static - Merge static geometries
• •geometry-instanced-mesh - Use InstancedMesh for identical objects
• •geometry-lod - Use Level of Detail for complex models
• •geometry-index-buffer - Use indexed geometry
• •geometry-vertex-count - Minimize vertex count
• •geometry-attributes-typed - Use appropriate typed arrays
• •geometry-interleaved - Consider interleaved buffers

5. Materials & Textures (HIGH)

• •material-reuse - Reuse materials across meshes
• •material-simplest-sufficient - Use simplest material that works
• •material-texture-size-power-of-two - Power-of-two texture dimensions
• •material-texture-compression - Use compressed textures (KTX2/Basis)
• •material-texture-mipmaps - Enable mipmaps appropriately
• •material-texture-anisotropy - Use anisotropic filtering for floors
• •material-texture-atlas - Use texture atlases
• •material-avoid-transparency - Minimize transparent materials
• •material-onbeforecompile - Use onBeforeCompile for shader mods (or TSL)

6. Asset Compression (HIGH)

• •asset-compression - Draco, Meshopt, KTX2 compression guide
• •asset-draco - 90-95% geometry size reduction
• •asset-ktx2 - GPU-compressed textures (UASTC vs ETC1S)
• •asset-meshopt - Alternative to Draco with faster decompression
• •asset-lod - Level of Detail for 30-40% frame rate improvement

7. Lighting & Shadows (MEDIUM-HIGH)

• •lighting-limit-lights - Limit to 3 or fewer active lights
• •lighting-shadows-advanced - PointLight cost, CSM, fake shadows
• •lighting-bake-static - Bake lighting for static scenes
• •lighting-shadow-camera-tight - Fit shadow camera tightly
• •lighting-shadow-map-size - Choose appropriate shadow resolution (512-4096)
• •lighting-shadow-selective - Enable shadows selectively
• •lighting-shadow-cascade - Use CSM for large scenes
• •lighting-shadow-auto-update - Disable autoUpdate for static scenes
• •lighting-probe - Use Light Probes
• •lighting-environment - Environment maps for ambient light
• •lighting-fake-shadows - Gradient planes for budget contact shadows

8. Scene Graph (MEDIUM)

• •scene-group-objects - Use Groups for organization
• •scene-layers - Use Layers for selective rendering
• •scene-visible-toggle - Use visible flag, not add/remove
• •scene-flatten-static - Flatten static hierarchies
• •scene-name-objects - Name objects for debugging
• •object-pooling - Reuse objects instead of create/destroy

9. Shaders GLSL (MEDIUM)

• •shader-precision - Use mediump for mobile (~2x faster)
• •shader-mobile - Mobile-specific optimizations (varyings, branching)
• •shader-avoid-branching - Replace conditionals with mix/step
• •shader-precompute-cpu - Precompute on CPU
• •shader-avoid-discard - Avoid discard, use alphaTest
• •shader-texture-lod - Use textureLod for known mip levels
• •shader-uniform-arrays - Prefer uniform arrays
• •shader-varying-interpolation - Limit varyings to 3 for mobile
• •shader-pack-data - Pack data into RGBA channels
• •shader-chunk-injection - Use Three.js shader chunks

10. TSL - Three.js Shading Language (MEDIUM)

• •tsl-why-use - Use TSL instead of onBeforeCompile
• •tsl-setup-webgpu - WebGPU setup for TSL
• •tsl-complete-reference - Full TSL type system and functions
• •tsl-material-slots - Material node properties reference
• •tsl-node-materials - Use NodeMaterial classes
• •tsl-basic-operations - Types, operations, swizzling
• •tsl-functions - Creating TSL functions with Fn()
• •tsl-conditionals - If, select, loops in TSL
• •tsl-textures - Textures and triplanar mapping
• •tsl-noise - Built-in noise functions (mx_noise_float, mx_fractal_noise)
• •tsl-post-processing - bloom, blur, dof, ao
• •tsl-compute-shaders - GPGPU and compute operations
• •tsl-glsl-to-tsl - GLSL to TSL translation

11. WebGPU Renderer (MEDIUM)

• •webgpu-renderer - Setup, browser support, migration guide
• •webgpu-render-async - Use renderAsync for compute-heavy scenes
• •webgpu-feature-detection - Check adapter features
• •webgpu-instanced-array - GPU-persistent buffers
• •webgpu-storage-textures - Read-write compute textures
• •webgpu-workgroup-memory - Shared memory (10-100x faster)
• •webgpu-indirect-draws - GPU-driven rendering

12. Loading & Assets (MEDIUM)

• •loading-draco-compression - Use Draco for large meshes
• •loading-gltf-preferred - Use glTF format
• •gltf-loading-optimization - Full loader setup with DRACO/Meshopt/KTX2
• •loading-progress-feedback - Show loading progress
• •loading-async-await - Use async/await for loading
• •loading-lazy - Lazy load non-critical assets
• •loading-cache-assets - Enable caching
• •loading-dispose-unused - Unload unused assets

13. Core Web Vitals (MEDIUM-HIGH)

• •core-web-vitals - LCP, FID, CLS optimization for 3D
• •vitals-lazy-load - Lazy load 3D below the fold with IntersectionObserver
• •vitals-code-split - Dynamic import Three.js modules
• •vitals-preload - Preload critical assets with link tags
• •vitals-progressive-loading - Low-res to high-res progressive load
• •vitals-placeholders - Show placeholder geometry during load
• •vitals-web-workers - Offload heavy work to workers
• •vitals-streaming - Stream large scenes by chunks

14. Camera & Controls (LOW-MEDIUM)

• •camera-near-far - Set tight near/far planes
• •camera-fov - Choose appropriate FOV
• •camera-controls-damping - Use damping for smooth controls
• •camera-resize-handler - Handle resize properly
• •camera-orbit-limits - Set orbit control limits

15. Animation (MEDIUM)

• •animation-system - AnimationMixer, blending, morph targets, skeletal

16. Physics (MEDIUM)

• •physics-integration - Rapier, Cannon-es integration patterns
• •physics-compute-shaders - GPU physics with compute shaders

17. WebXR (MEDIUM)

• •webxr-setup - VR/AR buttons, controllers, hit testing

18. Audio (LOW-MEDIUM)

• •audio-spatial - PositionalAudio, HRTF, spatial sound

19. Post-Processing (MEDIUM)

• •postprocessing-optimization - pmndrs/postprocessing guide
• •postpro-renderer-config - Disable AA, stencil, depth for post
• •postpro-merge-effects - Combine effects in single pass
• •postpro-selective-bloom - Selective bloom for performance
• •postpro-resolution-scaling - Half resolution for 2x FPS
• •postpro-webgpu-native - TSL-based post for WebGPU

20. Optimization (HIGH)

• •mobile-optimization - Mobile-specific optimizations and checklist
• •raycasting-optimization - BVH, layers, GPU picking

21. Production (HIGH)

• •error-handling-recovery - WebGL context loss and recovery
• •migration-checklist - Breaking changes by version

22. Debug & DevTools (LOW)

• •debug-devtools - Complete debugging toolkit
• •debug-stats-gl - stats-gl for WebGL/WebGPU monitoring
• •debug-lil-gui - lil-gui for live parameter tweaking
• •debug-spector - Spector.js for WebGL frame capture
• •debug-renderer-info - Monitor draw calls and memory
• •debug-three-mesh-bvh - Fast raycasting with BVH
• •debug-context-lost - Handle WebGL context loss
• •debug-animation-loop-profiling - Profile render loop sections
• •debug-conditional - Remove debug code in production

How to Use

Read individual rule files for detailed explanations and code examples:

rules/setup-use-import-maps.md
rules/memory-dispose-geometry.md
rules/tsl-complete-reference.md
rules/mobile-optimization.md

Each rule file contains:

• •Brief explanation of why it matters
• •BAD code example with explanation
• •GOOD code example with explanation
• •Additional context and references

Key Patterns

Modern Import Maps

<script type="importmap">
{
  "imports": {
    "three": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/three@0.182.0/build/three.module.js",
    "three/addons/": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/three@0.182.0/examples/jsm/",
    "three/tsl": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/three@0.182.0/build/three.tsl.js"
  }
}
</script>

Proper Disposal

function disposeObject(obj) {
  if (obj.geometry) obj.geometry.dispose();
  if (obj.material) {
    if (Array.isArray(obj.material)) {
      obj.material.forEach(m => m.dispose());
    } else {
      obj.material.dispose();
    }
  }
}

TSL Basic Usage

import { texture, uv, color, time, sin } from 'three/tsl';

const material = new THREE.MeshStandardNodeMaterial();
material.colorNode = texture(map).mul(color(0xff0000));
material.colorNode = color(0x00ff00).mul(sin(time).mul(0.5).add(0.5));

Mobile Detection

const isMobile = /Android|iPhone|iPad|iPod/i.test(navigator.userAgent);
renderer.setPixelRatio(Math.min(window.devicePixelRatio, isMobile ? 1.5 : 2));