Spec Writing

Specifications drive the entire sprint workflow. Well-written specs lead to focused implementations; vague specs cause wasted iterations. This skill covers writing effective specs.md files that guide autonomous agents toward successful outcomes.

The specs.md File

Located at .claude/sprint/[N]/specs.md, this file is the primary input to the sprint system. It tells the architect what to build and how to test it.

Essential Structure

A complete specs.md contains:

# Sprint [N]: [Short Title]

## Goal
[1-2 sentences describing what success looks like]

## Scope

### In Scope
- [Feature or task 1]
- [Feature or task 2]

### Out of Scope
- [What NOT to do]

## Requirements
[Detailed requirements - can be minimal or extensive]

## Testing
- QA: required / optional / skip
- UI Testing: required / optional / skip
- UI Testing Mode: automated / manual

Writing Effective Goals

The goal statement shapes the entire sprint. Make it outcome-focused:

Good goals:

• •"Users can register, login, and reset passwords"
• •"API returns paginated product listings with filters"
• •"Dashboard displays real-time metrics from backend"

Bad goals:

• •"Implement authentication" (too vague)
• •"Fix the bug" (which bug?)
• •"Make it better" (unmeasurable)

A good goal answers: "How will we know when we're done?"

Defining Scope

In Scope

List concrete deliverables:

• •Features to implement
• •Endpoints to create
• •UI components to build
• •Tests to write

Be specific. "Add user profile page" is better than "improve user experience".

Out of Scope

Explicitly exclude work to prevent scope creep:

• •Related features not in this sprint
• •Refactoring not needed for the goal
• •Nice-to-haves for future sprints

This prevents agents from over-engineering or adding unrequested features.

Requirements Depth

Specs can range from minimal to detailed. The architect adapts accordingly.

Minimal Spec (One-liner)

# Sprint 5: Add dark mode toggle

## Goal
Users can switch between light and dark themes.

## Testing
- UI Testing: required
- UI Testing Mode: manual

Appropriate for: Simple features, trusted architect judgment, exploratory work.

Detailed Spec

# Sprint 12: User Authentication

## Goal
Complete authentication flow with email verification.

## Scope

### In Scope
- Registration with email/password
- Login with session management
- Password reset via email
- Email verification flow
- Protected route middleware

### Out of Scope
- OAuth providers (future sprint)
- Two-factor authentication
- Account deletion

## Requirements

### Registration
- Email must be unique
- Password minimum 8 characters
- Send verification email on signup
- Users cannot login until verified

### Login
- Return JWT token on success
- Rate limit: 5 attempts per minute
- Lock account after 10 failed attempts

### Password Reset
- Token expires after 1 hour
- Invalidate token after use
- Send confirmation email after reset

## API Endpoints

| Method | Route | Purpose |
|--------|-------|---------|
| POST | /auth/register | Create account |
| POST | /auth/login | Authenticate |
| POST | /auth/verify | Verify email |
| POST | /auth/reset-request | Request reset |
| POST | /auth/reset | Reset password |

## Testing
- QA: required
- UI Testing: required
- UI Testing Mode: automated

Appropriate for: Complex features, specific requirements, team handoffs.

Testing Configuration

The Testing section controls which testing agents run.

Options

When to Use Each

QA: required

• •New API endpoints
• •Business logic changes
• •Data validation rules

QA: skip

• •Frontend-only changes
• •Documentation updates
• •Configuration changes

UI Testing: required

• •User-facing features
• •Form submissions
• •Navigation flows

UI Testing Mode: manual

• •Complex interactions
• •Visual verification needed
• •Exploratory testing

UI Testing Mode: automated

• •Regression testing
• •Standard CRUD flows
• •Repeatable scenarios

Common Patterns

New Feature

## Goal
[What the feature does]

## Scope
### In Scope
- Backend API
- Frontend UI
- Integration tests

## Testing
- QA: required
- UI Testing: required
- UI Testing Mode: automated

Bug Fix

## Goal
Fix [specific issue description]

## Root Cause
[If known, describe the cause]

## Expected Behavior
[What should happen]

## Testing
- QA: required  # Regression test
- UI Testing: optional

Refactoring

## Goal
Refactor [component] for [benefit]

## Constraints
- No behavior changes
- Maintain API compatibility
- All existing tests must pass

## Testing
- QA: required  # Verify no regressions
- UI Testing: skip

Tips for Better Specs

Be Specific, Not Prescriptive

Tell the architect WHAT to build, not HOW to build it:

• •Good: "Users can filter products by category and price range"
• •Bad: "Use a Redux slice with useSelector for filter state"

The architect chooses implementation details.

Include Edge Cases

Mention important edge cases in requirements:

• •Empty states
• •Error conditions
• •Boundary values
• •Concurrent access

Reference Existing Patterns

If the codebase has conventions, mention them:

• •"Follow the existing auth middleware pattern"
• •"Use the same validation approach as user endpoints"

Keep It Maintainable

Specs should be readable by humans too:

• •Use clear headings
• •Keep bullet points short
• •Include examples where helpful

Iteration and Updates

Specs evolve during the sprint:

1. •Initial: User writes complete specs.md
2. •Phase 1: Architect may clarify or expand
3. •Each iteration: Architect removes completed items
4. •Final: Specs reflect only documented decisions

This convergent pattern keeps context focused.

Additional Resources

The /sprint:new command creates specs.md templates interactively. See the command file for implementation details.