Laravel Models

Quando usar esta skill

Use esta skill sempre que:

•Criar Models Eloquent
•Definir relações entre Models
•Criar scopes locais e globais
•Criar Factories com states
•Implementar multi-tenancy patterns
•Configurar Casts, Accessors, Mutators
•Otimizar queries e evitar N+1
•Implementar soft deletes

Criar Model

bash

php artisan make:model Product -mf
# -m: migration
# -f: factory

Model Básico

php

<?php

declare(strict_types=1);

namespace App\Models;

use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Factories\HasFactory;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\{BelongsTo, HasMany};
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\SoftDeletes;

final class Product extends Model
{
    use HasFactory;
    use SoftDeletes;

    protected $fillable = [
        'tenant_id',
        'name',
        'price', // em centavos
        'category_id',
        'status',
    ];

    protected $hidden = [
        'deleted_at',
    ];

    protected $casts = [
        'price' => 'integer',
        'status' => ProductStatus::class,
        'created_at' => 'datetime:d/m/Y H:i',
        'updated_at' => 'datetime:d/m/Y H:i',
    ];

    protected $appends = [
        'formatted_price',
    ];

    // Relações
    public function tenant(): BelongsTo
    {
        return $this->belongsTo(Tenant::class);
    }

    public function category(): BelongsTo
    {
        return $this->belongsTo(Category::class);
    }

    public function variants(): HasMany
    {
        return $this->hasMany(Variant::class);
    }

    // Accessor
    public function getFormattedPriceAttribute(): string
    {
        return 'R$ ' . number_format($this->price / 100, 2, ',', '.');
    }

    // Mutator
    public function setPriceAttribute(float $value): void
    {
        $this->attributes['price'] = (int) ($value * 100);
    }

    // Scope local
    public function scopeActive(Builder $query): Builder
    {
        return $query->where('status', ProductStatus::ACTIVE);
    }

    public function scopeInCategory(Builder $query, int $categoryId): Builder
    {
        return $query->where('category_id', $categoryId);
    }
}

Relações

One to One (Has One)

php

// Tenant has one Settings
public function settings(): HasOne
{
    return $this->hasOne(Settings::class);
}

// Uso
$settings = $tenant->settings;

One to Many (Has Many)

php

// Category has many Products
public function products(): HasMany
{
    return $this->hasMany(Product::class);
}

// Com ordenação
public function products(): HasMany
{
    return $this->hasMany(Product::class)->orderBy('name');
}

// Uso
$products = $category->products;

Many to Many (Belongs to Many)

php

// Product belongs to many Tags
public function tags(): BelongsToMany
{
    return $this->belongsToMany(Tag::class)
        ->withPivot('is_primary')
        ->withTimestamps();
}

// Uso
$tags = $product->tags;
$product->tags()->attach($tagId);
$product->tags()->detach($tagId);
$product->tags()->sync([$tagId1, $tagId2]);

Has One Through

php

// Mechanic has one Car through Owner
public function car(): HasOneThrough
{
    return $this->hasOneThrough(Car::class, Owner::class);
}

Has Many Through

php

// Country has many Posts through Users
public function posts(): HasManyThrough
{
    return $this->hasManyThrough(Post::class, User::class);
}

Polymorphic

php

// Model
public function comments(): MorphMany
{
    return $this->morphMany(Comment::class, 'commentable');
}

// Inverso
public function commentable(): MorphTo
{
    return $this->morphTo();
}

// Many to many polymorphic
public function tags(): MorphToMany
{
    return $this->morphToMany(Tag::class, 'taggable');
}

Eager Loading

Prevenir N+1

php

// ❌ BAD - N+1 problem
$products = Product::all();
foreach ($products as $product) {
    echo $product->category->name; // Query para cada product
}

// ✅ GOOD - Eager loading
$products = Product::with('category')->get();
foreach ($products as $product) {
    echo $product->category->name; // Sem queries adicionais
}

Eager Loading Múltiplo

php

Product::with(['category', 'variants', 'tags'])->get();

Eager Loading Condicional

php

Product::when($includeCategory, fn ($q) => $q->with('category'))
    ->get();

Eager Loading Aninhado

php

// Carregar products -> category -> parent category
Product::with('category.parent')->get();

Lazy Eager Loading

php

$products = Product::all();
$products->load('category'); // Carregar depois
$products->loadMissing('category'); // Carregar apenas se não carregado

Eager Loading com Contagem

php

Product::withCount('variants')->get();
// Access: $product->variants_count

Scopes

Scopes Locais

php

public function scopeActive(Builder $query): Builder
{
    return $query->where('status', 'active');
}

public function scopePriceBetween(Builder $query, int $min, int $max): Builder
{
    return $query->whereBetween('price', [$min, $max]);
}

public function scopeSearch(Builder $query, string $term): Builder
{
    return $query->where('name', 'like', "%{$term}%");
}

// Uso
Product::active()->priceBetween(1000, 5000)->search('phone')->get();

Scopes Globais

bash

php artisan make:scope TenantScope

php

<?php

declare(strict_types=1);

namespace App\Models\Scopes;

use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Scope;

final class TenantScope implements Scope
{
    public function apply(Builder $builder, Model $model): void
{
    {
        if (auth()->check()) {
            $builder->where('tenant_id', auth()->user()->tenant_id);
        }
    }
}

// No Model
protected static function booted(): void
{
    static::addGlobalScope(new TenantScope);
}

// Remover scope
Product::withoutGlobalScope(TenantScope::class)->get();
Product::withoutGlobalScopes()->get();

Casts

Cast Básicos

php

protected $casts = [
    'price' => 'integer',
    'is_active' => 'boolean',
    'settings' => 'array',
    'created_at' => 'datetime',
    'status' => ProductStatus::class, // Enum cast
];

Cast Customizado

bash

php artisan make:cast MoneyCast

php

<?php

declare(strict_types=1);

namespace App\Casts;

use Illuminate\Contracts\Database\Eloquent\CastsAttributes;
use InvalidArgumentException;

final class MoneyCast implements CastsAttributes
{
    public function get(Model $model, string $key, mixed $value, array $attributes): int
    {
        return (int) $value;
    }

    public function set(Model $model, string $key, mixed $value, array $attributes): int
    {
        if (!is_numeric($value)) {
            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Value must be numeric');
        }

        return (int) ($value * 100); // Converter para centavos
    }
}

// No Model
protected $casts = [
    'price' => MoneyCast::class,
];

Accessor e Mutator

php

// Accessor (GET)
public function getFormattedPriceAttribute(): string
{
    return 'R$ ' . number_format($this->price / 100, 2, ',', '.');
}

// Mutator (SET)
public function setPriceAttribute(float $value): void
{
    $this->attributes['price'] = (int) ($value * 100);
}

// Uso
$product->formatted_price; // "R$ 1.234,56"
$product->price = 12.34;   // Salva como 1234

Factories

Factory Básico

bash

php artisan make:factory ProductFactory

php

<?php

declare(strict_types=1);

namespace Database\Factories;

use App\Models\Product;
use App\Models\Category;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Factories\Factory;

final class ProductFactory extends Factory
{
    protected $model = Product::class;

    public function definition(): array
    {
        return [
            'tenant_id' => Tenant::factory(),
            'name' => fake()->words(3, true),
            'price' => fake()->numberBetween(1000, 100000), // centavos
            'category_id' => Category::factory(),
            'status' => ProductStatus::ACTIVE->value,
            'description' => fake()->paragraph(),
        ];
    }
}

Factory com States

php

class ProductFactory extends Factory
{
    // State: active
    public function active(): self
    {
        return $this->state(fn (array $attributes) => [
            'status' => ProductStatus::ACTIVE->value,
        ]);
    }

    // State: inactive
    public function inactive(): self
    {
        return $this->state(fn (array $attributes) => [
            'status' => ProductStatus::INACTIVE->value,
        ]);
    }

    // State: expensive
    public function expensive(): self
    {
        return $this->state(fn (array $attributes) => [
            'price' => fake()->numberBetween(50000, 500000),
        ]);
    }
}

// Uso
Product::factory()->active()->create();
Product::factory()->inactive()->count(10)->create();
Product::factory()->expensive()->create();

Factory com Relações

php

// Product belongs to Category
public function definition(): array
{
    return [
        'category_id' => Category::factory(),
    ];
}

// Product has many Variants
public function withVariants(int $count = 3): self
{
    return $this->has(Variant::factory()->count($count));
}

// Uso
Product::factory()->withVariants(5)->create();

Multi-tenancy

TenantAware Trait

php

<?php

namespace App\Models\Concerns;

trait TenantAware
{
    protected static function bootTenantAware(): void
    {
        static::creating(function ($model) {
            if (auth()->check() && empty($model->tenant_id)) {
                $model->tenant_id = auth()->user()->tenant_id;
            }
        });

        static::addGlobalScope(new TenantScope);
    }
}

// Uso no Model
final class Product extends Model
{
    use TenantAware;
}

Tenant Scope Global

php

<?php

namespace App\Models\Scopes;

use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Scope;

final class TenantScope implements Scope
{
    public function apply(Builder $builder, Model $model): void
    {
        if (auth()->check()) {
            $builder->where('tenant_id', auth()->user()->tenant_id);
        }
    }
}

Soft Deletes

php

<?php

use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\SoftDeletes;

final class Product extends Model
{
    use SoftDeletes;
}

// Queries
Product::withTrashed()->get();        // Inclui deletados
Product::onlyTrashed()->get();       // Apenas deletados
Product::withoutTrashed()->get();    // Apenas não deletados

// Restore
$product->restore();                 // Restaurar um
Product::onlyTrashed()->restore();   // Restaurar todos

// Force delete
$product->forceDelete();             // Deletar permanentemente

Events do Model

php

protected static function booted(): void
{
    static::creating(function ($product) {
        // Antes de criar
    });

    static::created(function ($product) {
        // Após criar
        event(new ProductCreated($product));
    });

    static::updating(function ($product) {
        // Antes de atualizar
    });

    static::updated(function ($product) {
        // Após atualizar
    });

    static::deleting(function ($product) {
        // Antes de deletar
    });

    static::deleted(function ($product) {
        // Após deletar
    });
}

Otimização de Queries

Select Específico

php

// ❌ BAD - Seleciona tudo
Product::all();

// ✅ GOOD - Seleciona apenas necessário
Product::select('id', 'name', 'price')->get();

Chunk

php

// Processar em chunks
Product::chunk(100, function ($products) {
    foreach ($products as $product) {
        // Processar
    }
});

Cursor

php

// Para grandes quantidades
foreach (Product::cursor() as $product) {
    // Processar um por vez (memória eficiente)
}

Pluck

php

// Apenas valores específicos
Product::pluck('name', 'id'); // [1 => 'Product A', 2 => 'Product B']

Lazy Collection

php

// Lazy loading
Product::lazy()->each(function ($product) {
    // Processar sob demanda
});

Melhores Práticas

✅ FAÇA

•Use Models finos (sem lógica de negócio)
•Sempre use eager loading para relações
•
Crie scopes reutilizáveis
- •Use Factories para testes
- •Implemente soft deletes quando apropriado
- •Use casts para transformação de dados
- •Valide dados no Model ou Form Request
- •Otimize queries (chunk, cursor, lazy)
- •Implemente multi-tenancy com global scopes
- •Use eventos para side effects
- •Teste Models com Pest

❌ NÃO FAÇA

code

- Não coloque lógica de negócio em Models
- Não use DB facade em Models
- Não ignore N+1 queries
- Não faça queries em loops
- Não esqueça de indexar colunas usadas em queries
- Não use selects * desnecessariamente
- Não ignore soft deletes
- Não chame Actions em Models (use eventos)

Checklist de Model

Antes de finalizar QUALQUER Model:

Referências Cruzadas

•Architecture: Models finos integrados com Actions de laravel-architecture
•Testing: Testar Models com laravel-testing-pest
•Actions: Lógica de negócio em laravel-actions-events
•i18n: Enums traduzíveis com laravel-i18n

Referências

•Laravel Eloquent Documentation - Documentação oficial
•Laravel Relationships - Relações
•Laravel Scopes - Scopes