Cost Estimator
Provides frameworks for estimating infrastructure costs, development effort, and total cost of ownership (TCO) for technical projects.
When to Use
- •Planning infrastructure budgets
- •Evaluating build vs. buy decisions
- •Projecting costs at different scale points
- •Comparing technology options by cost
- •Creating business cases for technical investments
Cost Categories
Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)
code
TCO = Infrastructure + Development + Operations + Opportunity Cost ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP │ ├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ Infrastructure Development Operations Opportunity │ │ ──────────────── ──────────── ────────── ──────────── │ │ • Compute • Engineering • Support • What else │ │ • Storage • QA • Monitoring • could team │ │ • Network • DevOps • On-call • be building? │ │ • Third-party • Management • Training │ │ APIs/SaaS • Contractors • Incidents │ │ │ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
Infrastructure Cost Reference
Cloud Compute Pricing (2024-2025)
AWS EC2 On-Demand (US regions)
| Instance | vCPU | RAM | Monthly Cost | Best For |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| t3.micro | 2 | 1GB | $8 | Dev/test |
| t3.medium | 2 | 4GB | $30 | Small apps |
| t3.large | 2 | 8GB | $60 | Light production |
| m6i.large | 2 | 8GB | $70 | General production |
| m6i.xlarge | 4 | 16GB | $140 | Medium workloads |
| m6i.2xlarge | 8 | 32GB | $280 | Heavy workloads |
| c6i.2xlarge | 8 | 16GB | $250 | CPU-intensive |
| r6i.2xlarge | 8 | 64GB | $370 | Memory-intensive |
GPU Instances
| Instance | GPU | VRAM | Monthly Cost | Best For |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| g4dn.xlarge | T4 | 16GB | $380 | Inference |
| g5.xlarge | A10G | 24GB | $730 | ML training/inference |
| p4d.24xlarge | 8x A100 | 320GB | $23,000 | Large model training |
Savings Options
| Plan | Savings | Commitment |
|---|---|---|
| On-Demand | 0% | None |
| Reserved (1yr) | 30-40% | 1 year |
| Reserved (3yr) | 50-60% | 3 years |
| Spot Instances | 60-90% | Can be interrupted |
Database Pricing
Managed Database (AWS RDS PostgreSQL)
| Instance | vCPU | RAM | Monthly Cost | Connections |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| db.t3.micro | 2 | 1GB | $15 | 50 |
| db.t3.medium | 2 | 4GB | $50 | 100 |
| db.m6g.large | 2 | 8GB | $120 | 200 |
| db.m6g.xlarge | 4 | 16GB | $240 | 400 |
| db.r6g.xlarge | 4 | 32GB | $350 | 500 |
| db.r6g.2xlarge | 8 | 64GB | $700 | 1000 |
Add for storage: $0.115/GB/month (gp3) Add for IOPS: $0.02/IOPS/month (over 3000 baseline)
Redis/ElastiCache
| Node Type | RAM | Monthly Cost |
|---|---|---|
| cache.t3.micro | 0.5GB | $12 |
| cache.t3.medium | 3GB | $50 |
| cache.m6g.large | 6.4GB | $100 |
| cache.r6g.large | 13GB | $175 |
Storage Pricing
| Service | Cost | Use Case |
|---|---|---|
| S3 Standard | $0.023/GB | Frequently accessed |
| S3 Infrequent | $0.0125/GB | Backups, archives |
| S3 Glacier | $0.004/GB | Long-term archive |
| EBS gp3 | $0.08/GB | Block storage |
| EBS io2 | $0.125/GB + IOPS | High performance |
Network Costs (Often Overlooked!)
| Traffic Type | Cost |
|---|---|
| Data IN | Free |
| Data OUT (first 10TB) | $0.09/GB |
| Data OUT (next 40TB) | $0.085/GB |
| Inter-AZ transfer | $0.01/GB each way |
| Inter-region transfer | $0.02/GB |
| CloudFront to internet | $0.085/GB |
Development Cost Estimation
Engineering Cost Framework
code
Development Cost = (Hours × Hourly Rate) × Complexity Factor × Risk Buffer Hourly Rate (Fully Loaded): - Junior Engineer: $75-100/hr - Mid-level Engineer: $100-150/hr - Senior Engineer: $150-200/hr - Staff/Principal: $200-300/hr Complexity Factors: - Greenfield, known tech: 1.0x - Existing codebase, known tech: 1.2x - New technology for team: 1.5x - Complex integrations: 1.3x - Regulatory/compliance: 1.4x Risk Buffer: - Well-defined requirements: 1.2x - Ambiguous requirements: 1.5x - Experimental/R&D: 2.0x
Story Point to Cost Mapping
| Size | Story Points | Hours | Cost (Mid-level) |
|---|---|---|---|
| XS | 1 | 2-4 | $200-400 |
| S | 2 | 4-8 | $400-800 |
| M | 3 | 8-16 | $800-1,600 |
| L | 5 | 16-32 | $1,600-3,200 |
| XL | 8 | 32-64 | $3,200-6,400 |
| XXL | 13+ | 64+ | $6,400+ |
Team Cost Calculator
markdown
## Monthly Team Cost Engineering Team: - 2 Senior Engineers × $15,000 = $30,000 - 3 Mid-level Engineers × $10,000 = $30,000 - 1 Engineering Manager × $18,000 = $18,000 Overhead (benefits, tools, etc.): 30% Monthly Burn: ($78,000) × 1.3 = $101,400 Annual Team Cost: ~$1.2M
Build vs. Buy Analysis
Decision Framework
code
Build vs Buy Decision Matrix:
LOW Differentiation HIGH Differentiation
┌────────────────────┬────────────────────┐
HIGH Volume/ │ │ │
Usage │ Consider │ BUILD │
│ Build │ (competitive │
│ (cost savings) │ advantage) │
├────────────────────┼────────────────────┤
LOW Volume/ │ │ │
Usage │ BUY │ BUY │
│ (no question) │ (then consider │
│ │ build if scales) │
└────────────────────┴────────────────────┘
TCO Comparison Template
markdown
## Option A: Build Custom Solution ### Initial Development - Engineering time: X months × $Y/month = $Z - Infrastructure setup: $A ### Ongoing Costs (Annual) - Infrastructure: $B - Maintenance (20% of dev time): $C - On-call/support: $D ### 3-Year TCO Year 1: $Z + $A + $B + $C + $D Year 2: $B + $C + $D Year 3: $B + $C + $D Total: $XXX --- ## Option B: Buy SaaS Solution ### Initial Costs - Implementation/integration: $X - Training: $Y ### Ongoing Costs (Annual) - License fees: $Z/year - Per-user costs: $A × users - API costs: $B ### 3-Year TCO Year 1: $X + $Y + $Z + $A + $B Year 2: $Z + $A + $B Year 3: $Z + $A + $B Total: $XXX
Common Build vs Buy Scenarios
| Capability | Build When | Buy When |
|---|---|---|
| Authentication | Unique security requirements | Standard OAuth/OIDC works |
| Payments | Core business differentiator | Standard e-commerce |
| Search | Domain-specific relevance | Generic search needs |
| Analytics | Proprietary insights needed | Standard dashboards work |
| High volume, custom delivery | Standard transactional | |
| ML/AI | Proprietary models needed | Pre-trained models work |
Cost Projection by Scale
SaaS Application Cost Model
| Scale | Users | Monthly Infra | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Startup | 0-1K | $200-500 | Single server, managed DB |
| Growth | 1K-10K | $500-2,000 | Load balancer, caching |
| Scale | 10K-100K | $2,000-10,000 | Horizontal scaling |
| Enterprise | 100K-1M | $10,000-50,000 | Multi-region, HA |
| Large | 1M+ | $50,000+ | Global, custom CDN |
Cost Per User Benchmarks
| Application Type | Cost/User/Month | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Simple web app | $0.05-0.20 | Static + API |
| Data-intensive | $0.20-0.50 | Analytics, storage |
| Real-time | $0.50-2.00 | WebSockets, streaming |
| ML-powered | $1.00-5.00 | Inference costs |
| Video/media | $2.00-10.00 | Transcoding, CDN |
E-commerce Cost Model
markdown
## Monthly Infrastructure Cost by GMV $0-100K GMV/month: - Basic infrastructure: $500 - Payment processing (2.9%): ~$2,000 - Total: ~$2,500 $100K-1M GMV/month: - Scaled infrastructure: $2,000 - Payment processing: ~$20,000 - Fraud protection: $500 - Total: ~$22,500 $1M-10M GMV/month: - HA infrastructure: $10,000 - Payment processing: ~$200,000 - Fraud/security: $5,000 - CDN/performance: $3,000 - Total: ~$218,000
Hidden Cost Checklist
Often Missed in Estimates
Infrastructure:
- • Data transfer costs (egress)
- • Backup storage
- • Log storage (CloudWatch: $0.50/GB)
- • SSL certificates
- • DNS queries
- • Load balancer hours
Development:
- • Code reviews (add 20-30% to dev time)
- • Documentation
- • Testing infrastructure
- • CI/CD pipeline (GitHub Actions: $0.008/min)
- • Staging environments
Operations:
- • Monitoring tools (Datadog: ~$15/host/month)
- • Error tracking (Sentry: $26+/month)
- • Log management
- • On-call compensation
- • Incident response time
Third-Party Services:
- • Email (SendGrid: $0.00025-0.001/email)
- • SMS (Twilio: $0.0075/message)
- • Video (encoding, streaming)
- • Maps/geocoding (Google: $7/1K requests)
Cost Optimization Strategies
Quick Wins
| Strategy | Savings | Effort |
|---|---|---|
| Reserved instances | 30-60% | Low |
| Right-sizing instances | 20-40% | Medium |
| Spot instances (non-critical) | 60-90% | Medium |
| Storage tiering | 50-80% | Low |
| CDN caching | 30-50% bandwidth | Low |
Architecture Optimizations
| Optimization | Impact | Complexity |
|---|---|---|
| Caching (Redis) | 50-80% DB load reduction | Medium |
| Queue-based processing | Smooth traffic spikes | Medium |
| Auto-scaling | Pay for what you use | Medium |
| Serverless (appropriate use) | Variable → zero when idle | High |
| Multi-region read replicas | Reduce cross-region costs | High |
Cost Estimation Templates
Project Budget Template
markdown
# Project: [Name] # Duration: [X months] ## Development Costs | Phase | Duration | Team Size | Cost | |-------|----------|-----------|------| | Discovery/Design | 2 weeks | 2 | $X | | MVP Development | 8 weeks | 4 | $X | | Testing/QA | 2 weeks | 3 | $X | | Deployment | 1 week | 2 | $X | | **Total Development** | | | **$X** | ## Infrastructure Costs (First Year) | Component | Monthly | Annual | |-----------|---------|--------| | Compute | $X | $X | | Database | $X | $X | | Storage | $X | $X | | Network | $X | $X | | Third-party APIs | $X | $X | | Monitoring/Tools | $X | $X | | **Total Infrastructure** | **$X** | **$X** | ## Ongoing Costs (Annual) | Category | Cost | |----------|------| | Infrastructure | $X | | Maintenance (20% of dev) | $X | | Support/On-call | $X | | Tool licenses | $X | | **Total Annual** | **$X** | ## Summary | Metric | Value | |--------|-------| | Total First Year | $X | | Annual Run Rate | $X | | 3-Year TCO | $X | | Cost per User (at scale) | $X |
Quick Estimate Calculator
markdown
## Quick Infrastructure Estimate Inputs: - Expected users: [X] - Requests per user/day: [Y] - Data storage per user: [Z GB] - Growth rate: [W%/month] Calculations: - Daily requests: X × Y - Monthly requests: Daily × 30 - Required compute: (Monthly requests / 100K) × $50 - Storage: X × Z × $0.10 - Database: (X / 10K) × $200 - Estimated monthly: Compute + Storage + Database × 1.3 12-month projection with growth: Sum of (Monthly × (1 + W%)^month) for months 1-12
References
- •Cloud Pricing Calculator - Detailed cloud provider comparison
- •Build vs Buy Framework - Extended decision framework