NWS Flood Thresholds Guide

Overview

The National Weather Service (NWS) maintains flood stage thresholds for thousands of stream gages across the United States. These thresholds define when water levels become hazardous.

Data Sources

Option 1: Bulk CSV Download (Recommended for Multiple Stations)

code

https://water.noaa.gov/resources/downloads/reports/nwps_all_gauges_report.csv

Option 2: Individual Station Pages

code

https://water.noaa.gov/gauges/<station_id>

Example: https://water.noaa.gov/gauges/04118105

Flood Stage Categories

Category	CSV Column	Description
Action Stage	`action stage`	Water level requiring monitoring, preparation may be needed
Flood Stage (Minor)	`flood stage`	Minimal property damage, some public threat. Use this to determine if flooding occurred.
Moderate Flood Stage	`moderate flood stage`	Structure inundation, evacuations may be needed
Major Flood Stage	`major flood stage`	Extensive damage, significant evacuations required

For general flood detection, use the flood stage column as the threshold.

Downloading Bulk CSV

python

import pandas as pd
import csv
import urllib.request
import io

nws_url = "https://water.noaa.gov/resources/downloads/reports/nwps_all_gauges_report.csv"

response = urllib.request.urlopen(nws_url)
content = response.read().decode('utf-8')
reader = csv.reader(io.StringIO(content))
headers = next(reader)
data = [row[:43] for row in reader]  # Truncate to 43 columns
nws_df = pd.DataFrame(data, columns=headers)

Important: CSV Column Mismatch

The NWS CSV has a known issue: header row has 43 columns but data rows have 44 columns. Always truncate data rows to match header count:

python

data = [row[:43] for row in reader]

Key Columns

Column Name	Description
`usgs id`	USGS station ID (8-digit string)
`location name`	Station name/location
`state`	Two-letter state code
`action stage`	Action threshold (feet)
`flood stage`	Minor flood threshold (feet)
`moderate flood stage`	Moderate flood threshold (feet)
`major flood stage`	Major flood threshold (feet)

Converting to Numeric

Threshold columns need conversion from strings:

python

nws_df['flood stage'] = pd.to_numeric(nws_df['flood stage'], errors='coerce')

Filtering by State

python

# Get stations for a specific state
state_stations = nws_df[
    (nws_df['state'] == '<STATE_CODE>') &
    (nws_df['usgs id'].notna()) &
    (nws_df['usgs id'] != '') &
    (nws_df['flood stage'].notna()) &
    (nws_df['flood stage'] != -9999)
]

Matching Thresholds to Station IDs

python

# Build a dictionary of station thresholds
station_ids = ['<id_1>', '<id_2>', '<id_3>']
thresholds = {}

for _, row in nws_df.iterrows():
    usgs_id = str(row['usgs id']).strip()
    if usgs_id in station_ids:
        thresholds[usgs_id] = {
            'name': row['location name'],
            'flood': row['flood stage']
        }

Common Issues

Issue	Cause	Solution
Column mismatch error	CSV has 44 data columns but 43 headers	Truncate rows to 43 columns
Missing thresholds	Station not in NWS database	Skip station or use alternative source
Value is -9999	No threshold defined	Filter out these values
Empty usgs id	NWS-only station	Filter by `usgs id != ''`

Best Practices

•Always truncate CSV rows to match header count
•Convert threshold columns to numeric before comparison
•Filter out -9999 values (indicates no threshold defined)
•Match stations by USGS ID (8-digit string with leading zeros)
•Some stations may have flood stage but not action/moderate/major