FHIRPath

FHIRPath is a path-based navigation and extraction language for hierarchical data models, used extensively in FHIR and CQL. All operations return collections.

Path Navigation

code

Patient.name.given              // Navigate to given names
Patient.name[0].given           // First name's given (0-based indexing)
Patient.name.first().given      // Equivalent using first()
Observation.value.ofType(Quantity).unit  // Filter by type then navigate

Prefix with type name to restrict context: Patient.name.given only works on Patient resources.

Literals

Type	Examples
Boolean	`true`, `false`
Integer	`42`, `-5`
Decimal	`3.14159`
String	`'hello'`, `'urn:oid:1.2.3'` (single quotes, use `\'` to escape)
Date	`@2024-01-15`, `@2024-01`, `@2024` (partial dates allowed)
DateTime	`@2024-01-15T14:30:00Z`, `@2024-01-15T14:30:00+10:00`, `@2024T`
Time	`@T14:30:00`, `@T14:30`
Quantity	`10 'mg'`, `4 days`, `100 '[degF]'` (UCUM units in quotes)

Collections

•All values are collections (even single items)
•Empty collection: { }
•Collections are ordered, non-unique, 0-indexed
•Empty propagates through most operations

Key Functions

Existence

code

name.exists()                           // true if any names
name.exists(use = 'official')           // true if any official names
name.all(given.exists())                // true if all names have given
telecom.where(system='phone').empty()   // true if no phone telecoms
name.count()                            // number of names

Filtering and Projection

code

name.where(use = 'official')                    // Filter by criteria
entry.select(resource as Patient)               // Project/transform
name.select(given.first() + ' ' + family)       // Combine fields
telecom.distinct()                              // Remove duplicates
item.repeat(item)                               // Recursive traversal (unique)
expansion.repeat(contains)                      // Navigate tree structures

Subsetting

code

name[0]           // First item (0-based)
name.first()      // First item
name.last()       // Last item
name.tail()       // All but first
name.skip(2)      // Skip first 2
name.take(3)      // Take first 3
name.single()     // Error if not exactly one

Combining

code

name.given | name.family     // Union (removes duplicates)
a.union(b)                   // Same as |
a.combine(b)                 // Merge without removing duplicates
a.intersect(b)               // Items in both
a.exclude(b)                 // Items in a but not b

Type Operations

code

value is Quantity                    // Type check (returns Boolean)
value as Quantity                    // Cast (empty if wrong type)
entry.resource.ofType(Patient)       // Filter collection by type

String Functions

code

'hello'.length()                     // 5
'hello'.substring(1, 3)              // 'ell'
'hello'.startsWith('he')             // true
'hello'.endsWith('lo')               // true
'hello'.contains('ell')              // true (different from contains operator)
'hello'.indexOf('l')                 // 2
'HELLO'.lower()                      // 'hello'
'hello'.upper()                      // 'HELLO'
'a-b-c'.replace('-', '_')            // 'a_b_c'
'abc'.matches('[a-z]+')              // true (partial match)
'abc'.matchesFull('[a-z]+')          // true (full match)
'a,b,c'.split(',')                   // {'a', 'b', 'c'}
('a' | 'b' | 'c').join(',')          // 'a,b,c'
'  hello  '.trim()                   // 'hello'

Math Functions (STU)

code

(-5).abs()              // 5
1.5.ceiling()           // 2
1.5.floor()             // 1
1.5.round()             // 2
1.5.truncate()          // 1
2.power(3)              // 8.0
9.sqrt()                // 3.0
2.718.ln()              // ~1.0
100.log(10)             // 2.0
0.exp()                 // 1.0

Conversion

code

'42'.toInteger()              // 42
42.toString()                 // '42'
'3.14'.toDecimal()            // 3.14
'true'.toBoolean()            // true (also 't', 'yes', 'y', '1')
'2024-01-15'.toDate()         // @2024-01-15
'10:30:00'.toTime()           // @T10:30:00
'5 mg'.toQuantity()           // 5 'mg'
value.convertsToInteger()     // true if conversion would succeed

Date/Time Component Extraction (STU)

code

@2024-03-15.yearOf()                          // 2024
@2024-03-15.monthOf()                         // 3
@2024-03-15.dayOf()                           // 15
@2024-03-15T10:30:45.123.hourOf()             // 10
@2024-03-15T10:30:45.123.minuteOf()           // 30
@2024-03-15T10:30:45.123.secondOf()           // 45
@2024-03-15T10:30:45.123.millisecondOf()      // 123
@2024-03-15T10:30:00+10:00.timezoneOffsetOf() // 10.0
@2024-03-15T10:30:00.dateOf()                 // @2024-03-15
@2024-03-15T10:30:00.timeOf()                 // @T10:30:00

Utility

code

now()                                 // Current DateTime
today()                               // Current Date
timeOfDay()                           // Current Time
iif(condition, true-result, else)     // Conditional (short-circuit)
coalesce(a, b, c)                     // First non-empty (STU)
trace('label', projection)            // Debug logging
defineVariable('name', expr)          // Define variable for later use (STU)

Aggregates (STU)

code

(1 | 2 | 3).sum()                     // 6
(1 | 2 | 3).min()                     // 1
(1 | 2 | 3).max()                     // 3
(1 | 2 | 3).avg()                     // 2.0
values.aggregate($this + $total, 0)   // Custom aggregation

Operators

Equality

code

a = b       // Equal (empty if either empty)
a ~ b       // Equivalent (false if precisions differ, case-insensitive for strings)
a != b      // Not equal
a !~ b      // Not equivalent

Comparison

code

a > b       // Greater than
a < b       // Less than
a >= b      // Greater or equal
a <= b      // Less or equal

Comparison with different date/time precisions returns empty: @2024-01 > @2024-01-15 → { }

Boolean

code

a and b     // Three-valued AND
a or b      // Three-valued OR
a xor b     // Exclusive OR
a implies b // Implication
not()       // Negation (function, not operator)

Three-valued logic: true and { } → { }, false and { } → false

Math

code

5 + 3       // Addition (also string concatenation)
5 - 3       // Subtraction
5 * 3       // Multiplication
5 / 3       // Division (always Decimal)
5 div 3     // Integer division
5 mod 3     // Modulo
'a' & 'b'   // String concat (empty → empty string)

Collections

code

item in collection       // Membership
collection contains item // Containership (converse of in)
a | b                    // Union

Precedence (high to low)

•. (path), [] (indexer)
•Unary +, -
•*, /, div, mod
•+, -, &
•is, as
•|
•>, <, >=, <=
•=, ~, !=, !~
•in, contains
•and
•xor, or
•implies

Date/Time Arithmetic

Add/subtract time-valued quantities from dates/times:

code

@2024-01-15 + 1 month       // @2024-02-15
@2024-01-31 + 1 month       // @2024-02-29 (last day of month)
@2024-03-15 - 10 days       // @2024-03-05
now() - 1 year              // One year ago

Calendar duration keywords: year(s), month(s), week(s), day(s), hour(s), minute(s), second(s), millisecond(s)

UCUM definite durations ('a', 'mo', 'd') are NOT equivalent for arithmetic above seconds.

Environment Variables

code

%ucum        // UCUM URL (http://unitsofmeasure.org)
%context     // Original evaluation context
%`custom`    // Custom variables (backtick-delimited)

Singleton Evaluation

When a function expects a single item but receives a collection:

•Single item → use it
•Single item convertible to Boolean → use as Boolean
•Empty → return empty
•Multiple items → ERROR

Common Patterns

Safe navigation with existence checks

code

name.where(use = 'official').exists() implies name.where(use = 'official').given.exists()

Conditional logic

code

iif(gender = 'male', 'M', iif(gender = 'female', 'F', 'U'))

Fallback values

code

coalesce(name.where(use='official'), name.where(use='usual'), name.first())

Reference resolution (FHIR-specific)

code

subject.resolve().ofType(Patient).birthDate
generalPractitioner.all(resolve() is Practitioner)

Working with CodeableConcept

code

code.coding.where(system = 'http://snomed.info/sct').code
code.coding.exists(system = 'http://loinc.org' and code = '12345-6')

Recursive navigation

code

Questionnaire.repeat(item)            // All nested items
ValueSet.expansion.repeat(contains)   // All expansion concepts

Type-safe polymorphic access

code

Observation.value.ofType(Quantity).value > 100
(Observation.value as Quantity).value > 100

FHIR Invariants

FHIRPath is used to define constraints in FHIR profiles:

code

// Name must have family or given
name.family.exists() or name.given.exists()

// If dosage exists, it must have timing or asNeeded
dosage.exists() implies (dosage.timing.exists() or dosage.asNeeded.exists())

// All references must be resolvable as Practitioner
performer.all(resolve() is Practitioner)

Pitfalls

•Multiple items in singleton context: Patient.name.given + ' ' + Patient.name.family fails if multiple names
•Equality with empty: { } = { } returns { }, not true
•Date precision: @2024 = @2024-01 returns { } (unknown)
•String contains vs collection contains: .contains('x') is string function; contains x is operator
•Case sensitivity: FHIRPath keywords are case-sensitive; type names depend on model
•Indexing: Collections are 0-based (first element is [0])